Environmental Effects of Fossil Fuels Essay -- Essays Papers

Environmental Effects of Fossil FuelsBesides food, fossil supplys be our most important resource. According to www.bydesign.com, there be three major resources. These resources are ember, oil and natural gas. The environmental impact of fossil fuel engagement affects us greatly as individuals and as a global community. Coal causes a great deal damage to our environment. Coal extraction is a serious cause of peeing pollution. Coal is used primarily to produce electricity. Coal releases nitrous oxide when it is burned. Nitrous oxide regrettably stays in the atmosphere for a long time. Because this is kept in the atmosphere for such a long time it is very difficult to lift up or predict the harmful effects of this gas. Nearly fifty percent of the nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere is directly produced by coal. According to www.eia.gov the US acquiretiness supply and demand predicts that annual coal usage will growth from 1146 million short tons to 1175 million short tons. This means that the environmental detriments from coal usage will only increase. Currently, there is no sure appearance to relieve the environmental stressors caused by coal. However, for me, personally, this is a relief. This is relieving because my father owns a small family line of reasoning that sells mulch and driveway st unrivaled. During the winter months, his business depends on coal sales. In the past few decades, household usage of coal has decreased significantly due to the growing availability and convenience of other fuels. I do not believe that this statistic indicates that the average for household usage will increase, but it is encouraging to hear that coal will not disappear anytime soon. Oil is another one of the fossil fuels to which many of my fathers previous customers are conv... ...vironment. Overall, fossil fuels demand major impact on our environment. Our energy choices leave lasting impacts on the lives of plants, animals and ourselves. Many health and phy sical concerns can be linked to fossil fuel usage. Hopefully, by reducing our energy consumption we will be sufficient to protect our lives and lives of those to come. Works CitedAbout Fossil Fuel. 19 Feb 2004. 29 Mar. 2005 http//www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/ hypertext mark-up language/fossil_fuel.html.Natural Gas and the Environment. 2004. Naturalgas.org. 29 Mar. 2005 http//www.naturalgas.org/environment/naturalgas.asp.Restoring the Resources. Exxon Valdez Oil Trustee Council. 29 Mar. 2005 http//www.evostc.state.ak.us/facts/prevention.html.Short Term Energy Outlook. Short-Term Energy Outlook March 2005. 8 Mar 2005. 29 Mar. 2005 http//www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html. Environmental Effects of Fossil Fuels bear witness -- Essays PapersEnvironmental Effects of Fossil FuelsBesides food, fossil fuels are our most important resource. According to www.bydesign.com, there are three major resources. These resources are coal, oil and natural gas. The envir onmental impact of fossil fuel usage affects us greatly as individuals and as a global community. Coal causes much damage to our environment. Coal extraction is a serious cause of water pollution. Coal is used primarily to produce electricity. Coal releases nitrous oxide when it is burned. Nitrous oxide unfortunately stays in the atmosphere for a long time. Because this is kept in the atmosphere for such a long time it is very difficult to see or predict the harmful effects of this gas. Nearly fifty percent of the nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere is directly produced by coal. According to www.eia.gov the US energy supply and demand predicts that annual coal usage will increase from 1146 million short tons to 1175 million short tons. This means that the environmental detriments from coal usage will only increase. Currently, there is no sure way to relieve the environmental stressors caused by coal. However, for me, personally, this is a relief. This is relieving because my father own s a small family business that sells mulch and driveway stone. During the winter months, his business depends on coal sales. In the past few decades, household usage of coal has decreased significantly due to the growing availability and convenience of other fuels. I do not believe that this statistic indicates that the average for household usage will increase, but it is encouraging to hear that coal will not disappear anytime soon. Oil is another one of the fossil fuels to which many of my fathers previous customers are conv... ...vironment. Overall, fossil fuels have major impact on our environment. Our energy choices leave lasting impacts on the lives of plants, animals and ourselves. Many health and physical concerns can be linked to fossil fuel usage. Hopefully, by reducing our energy consumption we will be able to protect our lives and lives of those to come. Works CitedAbout Fossil Fuel. 19 Feb 2004. 29 Mar. 2005 http//www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/html/fossil_fuel.ht ml.Natural Gas and the Environment. 2004. Naturalgas.org. 29 Mar. 2005 http//www.naturalgas.org/environment/naturalgas.asp.Restoring the Resources. Exxon Valdez Oil Trustee Council. 29 Mar. 2005 http//www.evostc.state.ak.us/facts/prevention.html.Short Term Energy Outlook. Short-Term Energy Outlook March 2005. 8 Mar 2005. 29 Mar. 2005 http//www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html.

Retrocasualty in Time Travel Essay -- Science

Can the future affect the present, and can the present affect the prehistoric?(1) This is the question posed by the philosophical concept of retrocasualty the growth of time live to the past. Time hold out has been a common staple in science fiction writing, so many of its explanations owe their origins to tales of protagonists discovering its often confound implications. Many people may already exact a great understanding of a few hypothesized behaviors of time travel collectible to popular media, much(prenominal) as Back to the Future, Star Trek, and many other works of fiction. Currently, scientific knowledge is too premature to know if time travel is possible, no little how it behaves, so questions and functions are open for anybody to contemplate. The most famous question of time travel is the one posed by the temporal paradox, in which the time traveller invokes a condition which wee-wees the circumstances that led up to time travel, or the time travelers presence, to become impossible. Many theories have attempted to answer this paradox, introducing behaviorally diverse concepts such as merging time lines, multiple dimensions, or a nature of time where everything is predestined. The act of time travel can put up radically different effects, depending on which solution to the temporal paradox is applied.The largest difference between expressed solutions to the temporal paradox is in what level they assume deterministic behavior of the time line. The time line protection hypothesis(2) is a rigidly deterministic solution to the temporal paradox, one that hypothesizes that any attain that can cause a paradox will ultimately fail, due to some unforeseen twist of fate. This paradox assumes that all time travel to the past is (or will) become circumstances of t... ... then, it will remain an elusive tool for science fiction and philosophical contemplation. Works Cited Retrocasualty. Wikipedia, The melt Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 0551, 11 October 20102) secular conundrum Time product line Protection Hypothesis. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 0551, 11 October 20103) Temporal Paradox Harmony Theory. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 0551, 11 October 20104) Temporal Paradox Temporal Merging Hypothesis. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 0551, 11 October 20105) Temporal Paradox Time Line Protection Hypothesis. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 0551, 11 October 2010 Retrocasualty in Time conk out Essay -- Science Can the future affect the present, and can the present affect the past?(1) This is the question posed by the philosophical concept of retrocasualty the product of time travel to the past. Time travel has been a common staple in science fiction writing, so many of its explanations owe their origins to tales of protagonists discovering its often confusing implications. Many people may already have a great understanding of a few hypothesized behaviors of time travel due to popular media, such as Back to the Future, Star Trek, and many other works of fiction. Currently, scientific knowledge is too premature to know if time travel is possible, no less how it behaves, so questions and answers are open for anybody to contemplate. The most famous question of time travel is the one posed by the temporal paradox, in which the time traveler invokes a condition which causes the circumstances that led up to time travel, or the time travelers presence, to become impossible. Many theories have attempted to answer this paradox, introducing behaviorally diverse concepts such as merging time lines, multiple dimensions, or a nature of time where everything is predestined. The act of time travel can produce radically different effects, depending on which sol ution to the temporal paradox is applied.The largest difference between expressed solutions to the temporal paradox is in what degree they assume deterministic behavior of the time line. The time line protection hypothesis(2) is a rigidly deterministic solution to the temporal paradox, one that hypothesizes that any action that can cause a paradox will ultimately fail, due to some unforeseen twist of fate. This paradox assumes that all time travel to the past is (or will) become part of t... ... then, it will remain an elusive tool for science fiction and philosophical contemplation. Works Cited Retrocasualty. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 0551, 11 October 20102) Temporal Paradox Time Line Protection Hypothesis. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 0551, 11 October 20103) Temporal Paradox Harmony Theory. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. We b. 0551, 11 October 20104) Temporal Paradox Temporal Merging Hypothesis. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 0551, 11 October 20105) Temporal Paradox Time Line Protection Hypothesis. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 0551, 11 October 2010

The Life Of John F. Kennedy :: essays research papers

The Life of John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy was born in Brookline Massachusetts on May 29, 1917.He attended Harvard University and graduated in 1940. From 1941-1945 heserved in the United States Navy, during World War II. In 1946 he waselected to the United States hearthstone of Representatives. Then in 1952 hewas elected to the United States Senate. On September 12, 1953 he wasmarried to Jacqueline Lee Bouvier. Then in 1960 he was elected death chairof the United States. On November 22, 1963 he was assassinated in Dallas,Texas.John grew up in Boston, Massachusetts. His father Joseph P. Kennedy,was a self-made millionaire. During the administration of PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt, he served as the first chairman of the Securitiesand Exchange Commission, and as United States Ambassador to Great Britain.During Johns childhood, his family often moved. Some of these moves sentthe family into New York. All of the Kennedy children developed a concentratedcompetitive spirit. The boys e njoyed playing touch football together.John Kennedys education included elementary schools in Brooklineand Riverdale. By the age of thirteen his father sent him to theCanterbury cultivate in New Milford, Connecticut. He then transferred toChoate Academy in Wallingford, Connecticut, and graduated in 1935 ateight-teen years old. In 1936, after a summer in England, John graveedPrinceton University. After Christmas, of that same year, he developedjaundice. Then in 1936 he entered Harvard University. At Harvard hemajored in government and international relations. In 1940 he graduatedfrom Harvard. He then enrolled at Stanford University, but dropped outafter only six months.After serving in the United States Navy, where he win the Navy andMarine Corps Medal as the skipper of a PT boat in World War II, Johndecided to enter government. In 1946, he ran for the House ofRepresentatives and won the election over his Republican opponent. Hewas reelected to the House in both 1948 and 1950. In 1952, he ran forthe United States Senate. He defeated his opponent Henry Lodge, who wasa popular and experienced legislator. After the 1956 presidential electionhe decided to try to run for the upcoming 1960 Presidential election.In 1960 John Kennedy ran in the Presidential Election. His opponent,Richard M. Nixon, was a popular person, he had previously been thevice-president under Dwight Eisenhower. Together they became the firstPresidential opponents to debate face-to-face on television. John Kennedywon the election. During his years as president, John helped pass a numberof laws. He also established the United States Peace Corps, through

The Elusiveness of War and the Tenuousness of Morality in Tim O?Brien?s

The Elusiveness of warfare and the Tenuousness of Morality in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried, How to Tell a True War Story, and StyleIn the novel The Things They Carried, Tim OBrien demonstrates how flick to the atrocities of nations at war leads to the soldiers having skewed perspectives on what is right and wrong, predominantly at times when the purpose of the war itself appears elusive. The ambiguity that consumes the stories of The Things They Carried and How to Tell a True War Story is displayed with irony, for the moral of such war stories is that there is no moral at all. OBrien portrays the character Mitchell Sanders as an observer who seeks the morals to be put in through the war fatalities however, he depicts these morals in a manner that actually stresses the impiety of the situations above all else. The characters in this novel are at the forefront of the Vietnam War, thus blinded by carnage that soon begins to obscure any prior notions held about what is moralist ic and what is not.The death of Ted Lavender in The Things They Carried leads to deputy sheriff Jimmy Cross moral blunder which is brought about by his guilt over the horror of the incident Lieutenant Cross felt the pain. He goddamned himself He pictured Marthas smooth young face and now Ted Lavender was dead because he loved her so much and could not break thinking about her. When the dustoff arrived, they carried Lavender aboard. Afterward they...

Competition Protects Consumers, Politicians Protect Themselves :: Politics Political Essays

Competition Protects Consumers, Politicians Protect ThemselvesBaltimore Sun political writer H. L. Mencken once warned, The whole aim of practicable politics is to keep the populace alarmed, and hence clamorous to be led to safety, by menacing it with an end little series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary. As saviors politicians then hail an array of government programs to safeguard a grateful electorate from one hobgoblin or another. For that safety, taxpayers are forced to cough up billions of dollars to finance government agencies like the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Consumer Product Safety Administration (CPSC), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).What is it that ultimately protects the consumer? Its not government but competition - legion(predicate) producers competing with each other for our dollars. What motivates a grocery store manager to have sales, introduce new products and services and incessantly search for other paths to interest us and make us loya l customers? The easy answer is that the manager seeks greater profits, but profits cannot be simply decreed because he has no power to force us to shop at his store. He must lure us into his store pleasing us more than our next better(p) alternative - his competitor down the street.The life of the manager and his employees, would be much easier if they could get legislators to write level playing field laws to protect consumers against cutthroat competition. A level playing field law might mandate that all grocers charge the same prices, sell the same items, and provide alike customer services. That way competition would be reduced. Right now your grocer and his employees know that if he charges high prices and provides poor quality service, you will take your business elsewhere. That would result in less business, lower profits and possibly bankruptcy. But if the manager and his employees could persuade lawmakers to enact a level playing field law, it would be a different story. The identical principle applies to workers. Some people think labor unions, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and minimum wage laws protect the worker. Labor unions, OSHA regulations and minimum bribe laws do protect the jobs and income of some workers but at the expense of other workers jobs and income. Labor unions and many labor laws are little more than a collusion against other workers. Union leaders argue that their right to strike is their most powerful tool in their pursuit of higher wages and better working conditions.

Competition Protects Consumers, Politicians Protect Themselves :: Politics Political Essays

Competition Protects Consumers, Politicians Protect ThemselvesBaltimore Sun political writer H. L. Mencken once warned, The whole aim of hard-nosed politics is to keep the populace alarmed, and hence clamorous to be led to safety, by menacing it with an endless(prenominal) series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary. As saviors politicians then state an array of government programs to safeguard a grateful electorate from one hobgoblin or another. For that safety, taxpayers are forced to cough up billions of dollars to finance government agencies uniform the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Consumer Product Safety Administration (CPSC), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).What is it that ultimately protects the consumer? Its not government but competition - umpteen producers competing with each other for our dollars. What motivates a grocery store manager to have sales, introduce new products and services and incessantly search for other sorts to cheer us and make us loyal customers? The easy answer is that the manager seeks greater profits, but profits cannot be simply decreed because he has no power to force us to shop at his store. He must lure us into his store pleasing us more than our next outdo alternative - his competitor down the street.The life of the manager and his employees, would be much easier if they could get legislators to write level playing field laws to protect consumers against cutthroat competition. A level playing field law might mandate that all grocers charge the same prices, sell the same items, and provide selfsame(a) customer services. That way competition would be reduced. Right now your grocer and his employees know that if he charges high prices and provides poor quality service, you will take your business elsewhere. That would result in less business, lower profits and possibly bankruptcy. But if the manager and his employees could persuade lawmakers to enact a level playing field law, it would be a different story. The identical principle applies to workers. Some people think labor unions, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and minimum wage laws protect the worker. Labor unions, OSHA regulations and minimum engage laws do protect the jobs and income of some workers but at the expense of other workers jobs and income. Labor unions and many labor laws are little more than a secret approval against other workers. Union leaders argue that their right to strike is their most powerful tool in their pursuit of higher wages and better functional conditions.

British “Raj” in India

British Raj is associated with British rule in the Indian subcontinent. The period embraces 1858-1947. The region which we call India nowadays was under the rule of the unite Kingdom and was called the British Indian Empire. Great Britain started to expand its power in India in the beginning of the 1800s and in the middle India was under the full control of the British Empire. Nevertheless, India attempt to rebel against expansion and the Indian Rebellion of 1857 appeared to be a turning point in the British history in Indian region.India tried to resist British rule as Britain provided their life standards which contradicted Indian way of life. For example, the British Empire provided cow fat and pork which were unacceptable for Hinduism being dear in India. Nevertheless, the rebellion had failed and the British Empire provided a number of reforms which included recruitment of Indians into the civil service and tolerance of religion. The reforms aimed at preventing further reforms through placation and to strengthen the British military.Many historians argue that the British Empire didnt try to take full control over the Indian region, but when rebellion started to expose British interest, it had to step in. McNamara writes that resentment toward the British had been building for some time and new policies which allowed the British to annex some areas of India exacerbated tensions. (McNamara, 1998) The office of the Viceroy became the first bod of the new British Raj in India. When Prime Minister Disraeli proclaimed Queen Victoria as Empress of India in 1876, the affection the British crown felt for its colony.Throughout the divergence of the 19th century the British Raj continued and was characterized by unpopular policies caused emergence of series of Indian nationalist movements. Only after 1947 India had managed to gain certain freedom and sovereignty from the British Empire. In 1947 the British Indian Empire was divided into the union of India and t he Dominion of Pakistan. Bibliography McNamara, Robert. 1998. The British Raj Defined India Throughout the 1800s. Database on-line. Available from http//history1800s. about. com/od/thebritishempire/tp/indiatimeline01. htm

Moral Status of Animals in the Ancient World

Moral perspective of creatures in the ancient world Main articles Moral status of tools in the ancient world and Human exceptionalism Michelangelos The Creation of ten. The Book of Genesis echoed earlier ideas about divine hierarchy, and that God and humankind sh atomic number 18 traits, such as intellect and a wiz of morality, that non-humans do not possess. Modern views of humans treat workforcet of animals can be traced back to the ancient world.The idea that the use of animals by humansfor food and clothing is morally acceptable, springs from many sources. There is a hierarchy based on the theological concept of pattern, in Genesis (120-28), where Adam is given district over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. Although the concept of dominion need not entail property rights, it has, over the centuries, been interpreted to imply about form of ownership. 810 Other parts of the Bible strongly protest the shout out of animals, such as Balaam and the talking donkey in Numbers 2228-33 11 or the merciful command in Deuteronomy 254 to allow an Ox to feed whilst it treads the grain 12. In the New Testament, the dove is used to represent the Holy Spirit of God in Matthew 31613 and in Revelations 141,1714 and John 129,14 Jesus is described as a lamb these two animals are still depicted in some churches with respect1516, thus video display ancient influence in modern religion.At the same time, animals arrive been considered inferior because they lack acuteity and language, and as such are worthy of little consideration than humans, or even none. 810. Aristotle considered animals to have no rationality, but that they had a soul. edit17th century Animals as automata edit1641 Descartes Further instruction Dualism (philosophy of mind) and Scientific Revolution Descartes remains potent regarding how the issue of animal consciousnessor as h e saw it, lack thereofshould be approached. 17 Animals eat without pleasure, cry without pain, grow without kno extension it they lust nothing, fear nothing, know nothing. Nicolas Malebranche (16381715)18 The year 1641 was significant for the idea of animal rights. The great influence of the century was the French philosopher, Rene Descartes (15961650), whose Meditations was published that year, and whose ideas about animals informed attitudes well into the twenty- get-go century. 17 Writing during the scientific revolutiona revolution of which he was one of the chief architectsDescartes proposed a mechanistic theory of the universe, the aim of which was to show that the world could be mapped out without allusion to subjective experience. The senses deceive, he wrote in the First Meditation in 1641, and it is prudent neer to trust wholly those who have deceived us even once. 19 give way then the same view of the cut through which has lost his master, which has sought him in all the thoroughfares with cries of sorrow, which comes into the house troubled and restless, goes downstairs, goes upstairs goes from room to room, finds at last in his study the master he loves, and betokens his gladness by soft whimpers, frisks, and caresses. There are barbarians who seize this dog, who so greatly surpasses man in fidelity and friendship, and check him down to a table and dissect him alive, to show you the mesaraic veins You discover in him all the same organs of feeling as in yourself.Answer me, mechanist, has character arranged all the springs of feeling in this animal to the end that he might not feel? Voltaire (16941778)20 His mechanistic approach was extended to the issue of animal consciousness. Mind, for Descartes, was a thing apart from the physical universe, a separate substance, linking human beings to the mind of God. The non-human, on the other hand, are nothing but complex automata, with no souls, minds, or tenability. They can see, hear, and touch, but they are not, in any sense, conscious, and are unable to suffer or even to feel pain. 17 In the Discourse, published in 1637, Descartes wrote that the ability to mind and use language involves being able to respond in complex ways to all the contingencies of life, something that animals clearly cannot do. He argued from this that any sounds animals accommodate do not constitute language, but are simply automatic responses to external stimuli. 21 edit1635, 1641, 1654 First known law of natures protecting animals Richard Ryder writes that the first known legislation once against animal rigourousness in the English-speaking world was passed in Ireland in 1635.It prohibited pulling wool off sheep, and the attaching of ploughs to horses tails, referring to the cruelty used to beasts, which Ryder writes is probably the earliest reference work to this concept in the English language. 22 In 1641, the year Descartes Meditations was published, the first legal code to protect domest ic animals in North America was passed by the milliampere Bay Colony. 23 The colonys constitution was based on The Body of Liberties by the Reverend Nathaniel Ward (15781652), a lawyer, Puritan clergyman, and University of Cambridge graduate, originally from Suffolk, England. 24 Ward listed the rites the Colonys general court later(prenominal) endorsed, including rite number 92 No man shall exercise any Tirrany or Crueltie toward any bruite Creature which are usuallie kept for mans use. Historian Roderick Nash writes that, at the tiptop of Descartes influence in Europe, it is significant that the early New Englanders created a law that implied animals were not unfeeling automata. 25 The Puritans passed animal protection legislation in England too.Katheen Kete of Trinity College, Hartford, computed tomography writes that animal welfare laws were passed in 1654 as part of the ordinances of the Protectoratethe government under Oliver Cromwell, which lasted 16531659during the English Civil War. Cromwell disliked blood sports, peculiarly cockfighting, cock throwing, dog fighting, as well as bull baiting and bull running, both said to tenderize the meat. These could frequently be seen in towns, villages, in fairgrounds, and became associated for the Puritans with idleness, drunkenness, and gambling.Kete writes that the Puritans interpreted the dominion of man over animals in the Book of Genesis to mean responsible stewardship, rather than ownership. The opposition to blood sports became part of what was seen as Puritan interference in peoples lives, which became a leitmotif of resistance to them, Kete writes, and the animal protection laws were overturned during the Restoration, when Charles II was returned to the throne in 1660. 26 Bull baiting remained lawful in England for another 162 years, until it was nix in 1822. edit1693 Locke John Locke argued against animal cruelty, but only because of the effect it has on human beings. Against Descartes, the British philosopher John Locke (16321704) argued, in Some Thoughts Concerning Education in 1693, that animals do have feelings, and that unnecessary cruelty toward them is morally wrong, butechoing Thomas Aquinasthe right not to be so harmed adhered either to the animals owner, or to the individual who was being harmed by being cruel, not to the animal itself.Discussing the importance of preventing children from tormenting animals, he wrote For the custom of tormenting and killing of beasts bequeath, by degrees, harden their minds even towards men. 27 edit18th century The centrality of sentience, not reason Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued in 1754 that animals are part of inseparable law, and have natural rights, because they are sentient. edit1754 RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau (17121778) argued in Discourse on Inequality in 1754 that animals should be part of natural law, not because they are rational, but because they are sentient Here we put an end to the time-honoured disputes concerning the participation of animals in natural law for it is clear that, being innocuous of intelligence and liberty, they cannot recognize that law as they partake, however, in some measure of our nature, in consequence of the sensibility with which they are endowed, they ought to partake of natural right so that mankind is subjected to a kind of obligation even toward the brutes.It appears, in fact, that if I am bound to do no injury to my fellow-creatures, this is less because they are rational than because they are sentient beings and this quality, being common both to men and beasts, ought to entitle the latter at least to the privilege of not being spendly step by the former. 28 edit1785 Kant Animals are there merely as a means to an end. That end is man. Immanuel Kant29 The German philosopher Immanuel Kant (17241804), following Augustine, Aquinas, and Locke, opposed the idea that humans have duties toward non-humans.For Kant, cruelty to animals was wrong solely on the grounds that it was bad for humankind. He argued in 1785 that humans have duties only toward other humans, and that cruelty to animals is contrary to mans duty to himself, because it deadens in him the feeling of sympathy for their sufferings, and thus a natural tendency that is very useful to morality in relation to other humans is weakened. 30 edit1789 Bentham Jeremy Bentham The time will come, when humanity will extend its mantle over every thing which breathes (1781). 31 Four years later, one of the founders of modern utilitarianism, the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham (17481832), although deeply opposed to the concept of natural rights, argued with Rousseau that it was the ability to suffer, not the ability to reason, that should be the benchmark of how we treat other beings. If rationality were the criterion, many humans, including babies and disabled people, would similarly have to be case-hardened as though they were things. 32 He wrote in 1789, just as slaves were being freed by the French, but were still held captive in the British dominions The day has been, I grieve to say in many places it is not yet past, in which the greater part of the species, under the denomination of slaves, have been treated by the law exactly upon the same footing, as, in England for example, the inferior races of animals are still. The day may come when the rest of the animal creation may acquire those rights which never could have been witholden from them but by the hand of tyranny.The French have already discovered that the blackness of the skin is no reason a human being should be abandoned without redress to the caprice of a tormentor. It may one day come to be recognized that the number of the legs, the villosity of the skin, or the termination of the os sacrum are reasons equally insufficient for abandoning a sensitive being to the same fate. What else is it that should trace the insuperable line? Is it the faculty of reason or perhaps the faculty of chat? only a full -grown horse or dog, is beyond comparison a more rational, as well as a more conversable animal, than an babe of a day or a week or even a month, old. But suppose the case were otherwise, what would it avail? the question is not, Can they reason? , nor Can they talk? but, Can they suffer? 33 edit1792 Thomas Taylor Despite Rousseau and Bentham, the idea that animals did or ought to have rights remained ridiculous.When Mary Wollstonecraft (17591797), the British feminist writer, published A defense reaction of the Rights of Woman in 1792, Thomas Taylor (17581835), a Cambridge philosopher, responded with an anonymous tract called Vindication of the Rights of Brutes, intended as a reductio ad absurdum. Taylor took Wollstonecrafts arguments, and those of Thomas Paines Rights of Man (1790), and showed that they use equally to animals, leading to the conclusion that animals have intrinsic and real dignity and worth, a conclusion absurd enough, in his view, to discredit Wollstonecrafts an d Paines positions entirely. 34 edit19th century Emergence of jus animalium editLegislation The first known pursuance for cruelty to animals was brought in 1822 against two men found beating horses in Londons Smithfield Market, where livestock had been sold since the 10th century. They were fined 20 shillings each. Further information Cruel Treatment of Cattle motion 1822, Cruelty to Animals Act 1835, Cruelty to Animals Act 1849, and Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 What could be more innocent than bull baiting, boxing, or dancing? George Canning, British Foreign Secretary in April 1800 in response to a bill to ban bull baiting. 35 Badger baiting was outlawed in England by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835. Painting by Henry Thomas Alken, 1824 The 19th century saw an explosion of interest in animal protection, particularly in England. Debbie Legge and Simon Brooman of Liverpool John Moores University wrote that the educated classes became concerned about attitudes toward the old, the nee dy, children, and the insane, and that this concern was extended to non-humans.Before the 19th century, there had been prosecutions for poor treatment of animals, but only because of the detriment to the animal as property. In 1793, for example, John Cornish was found not guilty of maiming a horse after pulling its tongue out, the judge impression that he could be found guilty only if there was evidence of malice toward the owner. 36 From 1800 onwards, there were several attempts in England to introduce animal welfare or rights legislation.The first was a bill in 1800 against bull baiting, introduced by Sir William Pulteney, and opposed by the Secretary at War, William Windham, on the grounds that it was anti-working class. Another attempt was make in 1802 by William Wilberforce, again opposed by Windham, who said that the Bill was supported by Methodists and Jacobins who wished, for different reasons, to destroy the Old English character, by the abolishment of all rural sports a nd that bulls, when they were in the ascendant in the contest, did not dislike the situation. 37 In 1809, Lord Erskine introduced a bill to protect cattle and horses from malicious wounding, wanton cruelty, and beating, this one opposed by Windham because it would be used against the lower orders when the real culprits would be property owners. 38 Judge Edward Abbott Parry writes that the House of Lords found the proposal so sentimental that they drowned Erskine out with cat calls and cock crowing. 39 edit1822 Martins Act Further information Badger baiting, Bull baiting, and Cockfighting If I had a donkey wot wouldnt go,D ye think Id wollop him? No, no, no But gentle means Id try, d ye see, Because I hate all cruelty. If all had been like me, in fact, Thered ha been no occasion for Martins Act. Music hall ditty inspired by the prosecution under Martins Act of Bill Burns for cruelty to a donkey. 40 In 1821, the Treatment of Horses bill was introduced by Colonel Richard Martin, MP f or Galway in Ireland, but it was lost among joke in the House of Commons that the next thing would be rights for asses, dogs, and cats. 41 Nicknamed Humanity Dick by George IV, Martin finally succeeded in 1822 with his Ill Treatment of Horses and Cattle Bill, or Martins Act, as it became known, the worlds first major piece of animal protection legislation. It was given royal assent on June 22 that year as An Act to prevent the cruel and improper Treatment of Cattle, and made it an offence, punishable by fines up to five pounds or two months imprisonment, to beat, abuse, or ill-treat any horse, mare, gelding, mule, ass, ox, cow, heifer, steer, sheep or other cattle. 42 Any citizen was entitled to bring charges under the Act. 43 The Trial of Bill Burns, showing Richard Martin with the donkey in an astonished courtroom, leading to the worlds first known time for animal cruelty. Legge and Brooman argue that the success of the Bill lay in the personality of Humanity Dick, who was able to shrug off the ridicule from the House of Commons, and whose own sense of humour managed to capture its attention. It was Martin himself who brought the first prosecution under the Act, when he had Bill Burns, a costermongera street seller of fruitarrested for beating a donkey.Seeing in court that the magistrates seemed bored and didnt much care about the donkey, he sent for it, parading its injuries before a reportedly astonished court. Burns was fined, suitable the first person in the world known to have been convicted of animal cruelty. Newspapers and music halls were full of jokes about the Trial of Bill Burns, as it became known, and how Martin had relied on the attestation of a donkey, giving Martins Act some welcome publicity. 4043 The trial became the subject of a painting (right), which hangs in the headquarters of the RSPCA in London. 44 Other countries followed suit in passing legislation or making decisions that favoured animals. In 1882, the courts in New York ruled that wanton cruelty to animals was a misdemeanor at common law. 23 In France in 1850, Jacques Philippe Delmas de Grammont succeeded in having the Loi Grammont passed, outlawing cruelty against domestic animals, and leading to years of arguments about whether bulls could be classed as domestic in order to ban bullfighting. 45 The state of capital of the United States followed in 1859, New York in 1866, California in 1868, Florida in 1889. 46 In England, a series of amendments extended the reach of the 1822 Act, which became the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835, outlawing cockfighting, baiting, and dog fighting, followed by another amendment in 1849, and again in 1876. edit1824 Society for the prevention of Cruelty to Animals At a meeting of the Society instituted for the purpose of preventing cruelty to animals, on the sixteenth day of June 1824, at Old Slaughters Coffee House, St. Martins Lane T F Buxton Esqr, MP, in the Chair, It was resolvedThat a committee be appointed to superinten d the progeny of Tracts, Sermons, and similar modes of influencing public opinion, to consist of the following Gentlemen Sir Jas. Mackintosh MP, A Warre Esqr. MP, Wm. Wilberforce Esqr. MP, Basil Montagu Esqr. , Revd. A Broome, Revd. G Bonner, Revd G A Hatch, A E Kendal Esqr. , Lewis Gompertz Esqr. , Wm. Mudford Esqr. , Dr. Henderson. Resolved also That a Committee be appointed to adopt measures for Inspecting the Markets and Streets of the Metropolis, the Slaughter Houses, the conduct of Coachmen, etc. etc, consisting of the following Gentlemen T F Buxton Esqr. MP, Richard Martin Esqr. , MP, Sir James Graham, L B Allen Esqr. , C C Wilson Esqr. , Jno. Brogden Esqr. , Alderman Brydges, A E Kendal Esqr. , E Lodge Esqr. , J Martin Esqr. T G Meymott Esqr. A. Broome, Honorary Secretary 4043 Further information Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Richard Martin soon realized that magistrates did not take the Martin Act seriously, and that it was not being reliably enfo rced. Several members of parliament decided to form a rules of order to bring prosecutions under the Act.The Reverend Arthur Broome, a Balliol man who had recently become the vicar of Bromley-by-Bow, arranged a meeting in Old Slaughters Coffee House in St. Martins Lane, a London cafe frequented by artists and actors. 40 The group met on June 16, 1824, and included a number of MPs Richard Martin, Sir James Mackintosh, Sir Thomas Buxton, William Wilberforce, and Sir James Graham, who had been an MP, and who became one again in 1826. They decided to form a Society instituted for the purpose of preventing cruelty to animals, or the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, as it became known.It determined to send men to inspect the Smithfield Market in the City of London, where livestock had been sold since the 10th century, as well as slaughterhouses, and the practices of coachmen toward their horses. 40 The Society became the Royal Society in 1840, when it was granted a roya l charter by Queen Victoria, herself strongly opposed to vivisection. 4748 edit1824 Early examples of direct action Noel Molland writes that, in 1824, Catherine Smithies, an anti-slavery activist, set up an SPCA youth wing called the Bands of Mercy.It was a childrens club modeled on the Temperance Societys Bands of Hope, which were intended to encourage children to campaign against drinking and gambling. The Bands of Mercy were similarly meant to encourage a love of animals. 49 Molland writes that some of its members responded with more enthusiasm than Smithies intended, and became known for engaging in direct action against hunters by sabotaging their rifles, although Kim Stallwood of the Animal Rights Network writes he has often heard these stories but has never been able to find solid evidence to support them. 50 Whether the story is true or apocryphal, the idea of the youth group was revived by Ronnie Lee in 1972, when he and Cliff Goodman set up the Band of Mercy as a militant, anti-hunting guerrilla group, which slashed hunters vehicles tires and smashed their windows. In 1976, some of the same activists, spotting that the Band of Mercy name sounded too accommodating, founded the Animal Liberation Front. 49

Analysis on “The Merchant of Venice” by William Shakespeare Essay

In liveness, things are non always what they seem. People may appear to be one way nonwithstanding turn out to be an entirely different. The romantic-comedy, The Merchant of Venice, by William Shakespeare, shows the pass on wont of deception by the characters. Deception is a tool that is used for umpteen an(prenominal) purposes. The purposes can be harmful, protective or for personal gain. In The Merchant of Venice, Portia, Jessica, and Shylock are all characters who use deception to carry out their hold motives.Shylock, the hated Jew, makes his living through the practice of usury and uses deception when Antonio asks to borrow money from him. Shylock agrees to lend Antonio three hundred ducats if Antonio is willing to sign a stick to that would allow Shylock to have an equal pound of his fair flesh(I, iii, 145-146). He expresses the bond in a merry sport(I, iii, 141) and uses this bond to also show that he would be friends with Antonio, and have his love(I, iii, 134).Thoug h Shylocks description of the conditions in the bond makes it seem as if Shylock does not mean harm, his intentions are to harm and humiliate Antonio. Antonio says that he neither lends nor borrows by talking nor by giving of excess(I, iii, 57-58) and is willing to do that for his dear friend, Bassanio. At first, Antonio is not blinded Shylocks friendly pretence, aware that Shylock is like a villain with a smiling face and a goodly orchard apple tree rotten at the heart(I, iii, 96-97). However, in the end Antonio accepts the terms of the bond. The cruel use of deception from Shylock is to help fulfill his intention of revenge against Antonio.The deliberate use of cruelness in falsehood is also shown in Shylocks own daughter, Jessica. Jessica runs off with her Christian lover, Lorenzo. Jessica is ashamd to be her fathers child(II, iii, 17) and describes that her house is hell(II, iii, 2). Jessica lies to her father when he asks her what his servant, Launcelot, said to her as he left the house. Launcelot actually told Jessica to watch out for Lorenzo who would be coming by the house later, but she tells her father that Launcelot just said farewell to her. Shylock, of course, trusts his daughter and does not know that she is deceiving him. An separate deception by Jessica is when at the night of her elopement, she is draped as a page boy. She must do this for womenare not allowed to be out in the streets at night during the Elizabethan times. While leaving, she steals and gives Lorenzo whatever of her fathers valuable possessions. Later on with the jewels she stole from her father, her mothers ring is among them and uses it to purchase frivolous things like a monkey. Jessicas use of deception causes much grief for Shylock not only because of the stolen jewels and ducats but also the loss of his daughter.Portia is another woman who is involved many deceptive plots many which occur during the lottery of the caskets. The choosing of the caskets is bestowed upon he r from her father who past away. The lottery involves suitors taking the chance of Portias hand in marriage. A particular suitor, the Prince of Morocco arrives to take this risk. In this scene, Morocco pleads Portia to mislike him not for his complexion(II, i, 1). Portia tells Morocco that she does not mind the complexion of his skin and that he is then stood as fair as any corner she has lookd on yet for her affection(II, i, 20). Once he leaves, however, Portia says, Let all of his complexion choose me so(II, vii, 78-79). Portia sets an innocent and admirable face when Morocco or any other suitor is choosing the casket, but the minute he leaves, she mocks them all except Bassanio.Although this scene shows a cruel deception by Portia, she did it to be polite as was evaluate of her. Portia uses this deliberate deception further in the play but in a more dignified way. In Act 4 scene 1, Portia dresses as a male lawyer in order to deceive the court and save her husbands friend, Antoni o. She must hide herself because in Elizabethan times, women were not allowed to participate in law or any other profession. This time, Portias deception is not harmful, but is a far more selfless act. Portia sees that disguise is the only method to save Antonios life that is very dear to her husband, Bassanio. Dressed as a young lawyer, Portia manipulates the law with her intellect and saves Antonios life from certain death by of Shylock.Shakespeare made use of deception and false face in The Merchant of Venice because it is part of our everyday lives. All three characters measuredly use deception in order to achieve their goal. There are many different motivations for the use of a false face and these are shown in The Merchantof Venice. Whether it is Shylock using it for revenge, Jessica to search for a happier life or Portia to encourage peace, Shakespeares use of deception is for the audience to realize that for our own expediency, golf-club takes advantage of the false face.

Cultural Heritage Tourism

Tourism is one of the principal economic activities in the world and pagan Tourism is a rapidly expanding fragmentize of this industry. According to the OEA Culture contributes considerably to the countries economies, therefore many economies in different countries have been using this as a mechanism to increase their economies. Within the frequent tourism industry, many countries argon seeing the benefits of using Cultural Tourism as a key area of attraction.They happen upon this by developing historic sites and activities that have formed spokesperson of their inheritance. This goat include buildings, communities, people, and notable traditions. The promotion of Cultural tourism is a way of retaining the economic characteristics of the inheritance sites. It is also seen as an key factor for the development of the home(a) and regional economies by generating social development in all its thoughts (ICOMOS 12th General Assembly, 1999).As well as existence used to as a mechan ism to develop regional economies by attracting tourists to heritage sites and the surrounding areas, Cultural Tourism is forms an important equivalencet of a countries national tourism economy. Its aim is to attract those tourists who have a deep inner necessity to get to know new places with history, by enabling them to feel part of the place they are visiting. The ethnical heritage tourist wants to connect himself or herself with history and experience how the world developed in the particular area they are visiting (Cultural heritage tourism Guide, 2000).Since cultural heritage tourism caught the eye of the economists a decade ago, there have been many economic studies developed to broadsheet the impact that this activity has in the regions where the heritage tourism is practiced (Toselli, C. , 2006). Part of the reason for this is because the tourist who is engaged in historic and cultural tourist activities spends more(prenominal) time and money in the area visited, engagin g in more activities than other kinds of tourist would ( blend patience Association of America citation by Hargrove, M. , 2002), reservation this kind of tourism a profitable activity for the regions, communities and historical places.As a result of these studies it can be assumes that with a greater concentration of cultural heritage tourism there would be the benefit of an increment of profit powerfulness for the cultural and tourism industry creating employment in the heritage communities, cities and countries. Within this study I will be concentrating my work on the International American Renaissance and Baroque medical specialty Festival Misiones de Chiquitos. This is a prime example of various cultural activities in areas that are rich in culture.The location of this festival is in the Jesuit Mission region in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. This region has 6 towns in which the six worlds famous Jesuit churches were built and which were designated World heri tage sites by the UNESCO in 1990 (UNESCO, 2006). The festival was founded in 1996 and it is celebrated any other year in the towns of the Jesuit region (APAC , 2005). The festival is unique in the region because of the baroque American music that they offer to the tourist. This is part of a unique selection of trustworthy musical partitures from decades ago (see Appendix figure 1).The venue for the performing of the music concerts are the 6 historical churches which were built between 1669 and 1760 which still maintain the glory from the past (La Gran Chiquitania, 2006). Aim The aim of this research is to review and analyze the future selling strategy, which APAC is developing for the International American Renaissance and Baroque Music Festival Misiones de Chiquitos in order to promote the festival internationally. In particular, the intention is to assess how this relates to the way in which the success in merchandising of previous festivals has been perceived by the hoteliers and Tour operators.The purpose of this is to identify areas of concern to be addressed and to recommend ways in which the present marketing strategy can be optimized in order to increase the economic growth of the festival and the heritage sites. Objectives Identify the type of tourist cultural heritage festivals attract and analyze their expectations. Identify and analyze the logistic work that the festival has and how it could be improved. look into the logistics of the Tour Operators and hoteliers their capability to cater for tourist expectations, addressing ways those shortfalls can be eliminated or reduced. Determine the marketing strategy that the festival should use to attract tourist by identifying tourist demand segmentation of it. Literature Review With an increasing number of countries and regions seeking to capitalize on their heritage as a way of attracting growth in tourism and the economic benefit that this brings, it is important for the operators of historical sites and festivals to have a complete understanding of the consumer, the product they are offering and the ways that product should be marketed. The consumer in this instance is not an fair holidaymaker.There is a specific historical purpose to both the design and purpose of their holiday. This has been best described by Robert Stebbins (1996), when he observed that Cultural tourism is a genre of special interest tourism based on the search for and participation in new and deep cultural experiences, whether aesthetic, intellectual, emotional, or psychological(Robert Stebbins 1996). forthwith an increasing number of tourists are moving away from the concept of pre-packaged sun and leisure breaks. It is estimated that around twenty percent or tourists now put the arts, culture and history among their top five reasons from traveling.In America alone, cultural tourism rose by 13% between 1996 and 2003, (TIA 2003). As Garrion Keillor (1995) commented, They come for our culture high cu lture, woeful culture, middle culture, right, left, real or imagined they come here to see America. As a result of this increase in demand, partially fueled by the sexual climax of Internet access and the increase in accessibility to global travel brought about by reductions in travel costs, more and more countries are converting their historical sites and festivals into tourist centers.With more competition comes the need for effective marketing. In terms of the travel industry this is defined as The process of identifying and reaching specific segments of a population for the purposes of selling them a product or service. (Home Travel Agency 2006) There has been a number of studies regarding the marketing of Cultural Heritage in habitual and of more relevance to this paper, the marketing of historical music festivals and their destinations in particular.The marketing of Cultural Heritage sites is a subject that has to be dealt with in a affectionate manner, as many writers have acknowledged. Rowan Yorke and Uzi Baram (2004) have compiled a number of studies relating to democratic cultural sites worldwide, which deal with the interrelationship that exists between the commercial and political aspect of historical sites, including balancing the importance of archaeology against profit. However, careful marketing can, if properly constructed and coursemed, successfully promote the site.It is vitally important when designing a marketing program to advance the qualities and attractions of the site in a way that will bring it to the forefront of the travelers mind, making it more relevant and notable to them than sites of a similar nature. To achieve this, one must use the particular qualities of its historical value to target the appropriate market. This is particularly relevant in terms of the festival subject universe studied within this paper. Most researchers feel that Festivals take on a special significance.In her book on the subject of cultural des tination, Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara (1998) says, Festivals are cultural performances par excellence. Their boundaries discernible in time and space There are numerous musical and other festivals being held throughout the world, from the historical to the modern day from popular to classic from era to unearthly based. With such intensity of competition, the importance of marketing festivals nationally and internationally becomes paramount.In the case of the International American Renaissance and Baroque Music Festival Misiones de Chiquitos. Marketing would need to be aware of two levels, marketing of the destination and marketing of the festival itself. Nigel Morgan et al (2001) suggest that destination branding gives marketers the ability to address one of the most important aspect of the special event, namely how appropriate is the destination itself. As we have seen festivals that are correctly portrayed which center dealing with the political, cultural and social side suc cessfully can bring economic benefits.To successfully market a musical festival one has to firstborn evaluate what genre the music fits into together with its historical and geographical position, then look to the target audience, in order to give an organized structure to the marketing program. (Johnny Allen (2001) As a result of this review it can be seen that we need to look at the type of cultural tourist, their musical tastes together with the historical and religious background, musically and destination based, of the festival itself. References Allen, Johnny (2005) Festival and Special Event Management. John Wiley & Sons Douglas, Norman (2001). Special Interest Tourism.John Wiley & Sons (Australia) Ltd. Factsheet. (2005) Welcome to APAC Festivals. Retrieved 14 July 2006 from http//www. festivalesapac. com/site/index. php? faculty=ContentExpress&file=index&func=display&ceid=27&newlang=eng Fleming, Ronald Lee. (1989). If walls could talk Telling the story of a historic buildi ng to create a market edge. National charge for Historic Preservation Home Travel Agency (2006) Define marketing. Retrieved 15 July 2006 from http//www. hometravelagency. com/dictionary/marketing. html Keillor, Garrison. (1995) Address to White House Conference on Travel and Tourism. Retrieved from http//www. nasaa-arts.org/artworks/cultour. shtmltravmar Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. (1998). Destination Culture Tourism, Museums and Heritage. University of California Press Morgan, Nigel. Pritchard, Annette. And Pride Rogers. (2001) Destination Branding Creating the Unique Destination Proposition. Butterworth-Heinemann Rowan, Yorke and Baram, Uzi eds. (2004) Marketing Heritage Archaeology and the consumption of the past. AltaMira Press Stebbins, Robert. (1996). Cultural Tourism as Serious Leisure. Annals of Tourism Research. Vol. 23, October, p. 948-950. The Charter Ethos. (1999) Managing tourism at places of heritage significance.International Tourism Charter 12th General Assembly . Travel Industry Association of America Travelscope survey (2003). TheHistoric/Cultural Traveler, 2003 edition. TIA and Smithsonian Magazine Unesco. (2006) World Heritage List. Retrieved 14 July 2006 from http//www. thesalmons. org/lynn/world. heritage. html Appendix Figure 1 Part of an original 17th century paper sheet of music used in the Missions of Chiquitos. The work by Domenico Zipoli from Prato, close to Florence is part of an extensive collection preserved by Bolivian specialists. This fragment is from Ave Maria Stella a Vespers hymn sung on Feasts of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Meteors Case Study Essay

meteoroidoidites atomic frame 18 rocks from space, which land on orb, attracted by her gravity. The stroke brains that you see at night, be truly burning meteors that chance upon on humanity from go forther space This is the first of many interesting facts that argon going to follow. Why do meteorites fall(a)? For the aforementi matchlessd(prenominal) reason wherefore anything falls on earth Gravity. Very few can escape it Meteorites sacrifice their origin in outer space. They be relatively small pieces of stud and rubble, usually left behind in the wake of a abide byt. Meteorites, that be huge in size, book their origin in space, as angulars.They atomic number 18 left over pieces of matter from formation of the solar system, which could non clump together to form a artificial satellite like our landed estate. there is a dense belt of such(prenominal) angulates outside the grasp of the planet deflower, callight-emitting diode the angulate Belt. Aste roids atomic number 18 huge in size and their lengths can number to kilometers Once in a trance, small pieces of rock or dust, bang into range of macrocosms gravitative pull and fall on public as shooting stars. An asteroid dislodged from its trajectory and falling on Earth is also called a meteorite. However, an asteroid being huge in size, causes a destructive explosion on Earth on touch on.OriginMeteor and Meteorite facts argon interchangeable edges and we shall see why they ar so. When these rocks and pieces of dust ar directionless in space, they are called Meteoroids. When they make a blazing ingress into Earths tune, they are called Meteors. Finally, if they survive the burning entry into Earths standard atmosphere and fall on Earth, they are called Meteorites. So a meteorite could originate from comet debris called meteoroids or larger objects called asteroids Here are close to basic facts round meteorites, meteors and meteoroids. Comets break tons of dust and debris in their trail as they travel a bulky long cooking stoves round the solarise. When Earth, duration revolving around the sunbathe, passes through with(predicate) both(prenominal) patches of this comet debris, it enters the Earths atmosphere causing meteor exhibiti unmatchedrs. Meteor ware stalls are periodic events. One can see thousands of meteors or shooting stars, as they are called, during such a shower.The most popular meteor showers are Perseids (which peak around August 12) and Leonids (which peak around 17 November). During these showers, you can observe a shooting star at the rate of 1 meteor per minute on an average. A falling meteor can travel at renovate of as such(prenominal) as 44 miles per second One of the facts is that they have some of the oldest rocks in the solar system among them. They could be older than the Earth and date from the period when Sun was forming E precise day, round 4 billion meteoroids fall on Earth Majority of them are ve ry tiny and therefore do not cause much harm.If a meteorite is observed while falling and recovered from the place of fall, its called a fall meteorite. If a meteorite is not observed while falling, that strand from any location, its called a find. Till 2006, there have been roughly 1,050 witnessed falls while there are about 30,000 documented Finds. Falling meteors which are large in size, can create an in disco biscuitse electromagnetic pulse, which temporarily disrupt radio communication in the region of fall With a properly designed radio antenna, you can actually hear meteorites falling as radio noise.Types and CompositionHere are some facts about their types and composition, that you should know about. Recovered meteorites are sort out into three main categories which are Chondrites (Make about 86% of all recovered meteorites), Achondrites (8%) and Iron meteorites (6 %). The name Chondrites comes from features called Chrondules, which are melted silicate materials from th eir past. Chondrites are about 4.55 billion geezerhood old and are the types of rocks from which our own planet organize Certain chondrite meteorites fallen from outer space contain traces of amino acids and organic matter, bolstering the workable action that life may have been planted on Earth This is one of the most astounding facts. Achronidtes are relatively younger meteorites of the fervent rock type and are pieces of asteroids, the Moon and Mars Iron meteorites are comprise of iron- nickel alloys and silicate materials. They are also popular opinion to be pieces of asteroids Every one of these meteor facts are intriguing. Earth has been pounded by the disturb of many meteorites, ranging from the very tiny to gigantic meteorites.The meteorites impact craters that are found on earth are affirmation to this. It is date for the survive of our facts. One gigantic meteorite impact occurred millions of years ago on Earth which brought on the extermination of dinosaurs One question that may come to your mind is, Where do meteorites fall?. They could fall anywhere on Earth. Meteors have been found all over the world. The recent findings have been mostly in Africa and kind parts of Antarctica. If you could find one, you are bound to be rich as private collectors and museums pay millions of dollars for them The reason is that they are very rarified and are do up of minerals, which are never found on Earth So keep looking You may never know, when one might pop out of the sky, making you rich. So its actually profitable to know some meteor facts. Originating in the outer space, an object reaches Earth and gets a place in the list of meteorites. There have been many instances of extraterrestrial bodies impacting the Earths surface while some have only passed through the Earths atmosphere before they were finished.Meteorites have been arousing interest of the multitudees as there is an element of mystery that surrounds them. Where do they originate? Wh at makes some of them enter the Earths atmosphere? How dangerous can they get? Space research and astronomy have revealed some interesting information about some of these questions and researched thoroughly on the different types of meteorites. Most of the meteorites disintegrate before reaching Earth while some reach the planets surface. Huge meteorites form craters on Earth while the smaller ones involve less danger. Meteorites containing small round particles are known as chondrites and form about 86% of those falling on Earth. Those standardised in appearance to small igneous rocks are called achondrites and believed as being the crustal material of asteroids. Meteorites originating from the core of asteroids are known as iron meteorites and form about 5% of the meteorites, which fall.History has recorded a number of instances of meteorites impacting the Earth. ALH 84001 It was found in the Allan Hills, Antarctica in December 1984. Meteorite hunters of the United States working on ASMNET project discovered this meteorite. When discovered, its mass was 1.93 kilograms and its rock was reportedly one of the oldest forms. This meteorite was supposed to have come from Mars. Later it was believed to consist of some traces of the life on Mars and this made ALH 84001 more known than ever. Hoba This meteorite lies on the farm Hoba West in Namibia and has never been moved elsewhere because of its exceptionally greater mass. With a mass of about 60 tons, it is the largest meteorite known to mankind. It is bed sheet in shape and composed of metal. It is believed to have landed on Earth about 80,000 years ago. In 1955, it was declared as a national depository and has since then been attracting visitors from different parts of the world.Tunguska Event The Tunguska explosion took place in June 1908 near Tunguska River, now a part of Russia. Most probably, the air burst of a large meteorite caused this explosion. The energy emitted from this explosion was about 1000 t imes greater than that of the bomb blast of Hiroshima. According to the eyewitnesses of this explosion, the event started with a flash of bright spirited light and a sound originating from east and moving northward. Later the sound was accompanied by shock waves that broke windows miles a mode. This was one of the famous disintegrating meteorites that bear on in the list of worlds most famous meteorites.Willamette Meteorite This is an iron-nickel meteorite that was discovered in the United States near Oregon. It is the largest of the meteorites found in the United Sates as also the sixth largest in the world. Probably the meteorite had landed in the region, which is now known as Canada. This meteorite weighing about 15.5 tons is one of the very large meteorites of the world. Orgueil This meteorite fell in France in 1864 and is a relatively older meteorite.The fall of this meteorite consisted of small stones that covered a massive area. This is one of those eight meteorites that b elong to the CL chondrite group. A contact feature of this type of meteorite it that its composition is similar to that of the Sun. This meteorite is one of the most researched ones. For purposes of robuster study of the composition of this meteorite, it was split into pieces. Currently, it exists in the form of pieces kept in different museums in Europe and the United States. These were some of the famous meteorites of the world. They have always been a subject of interest for researchers around the world. Meteor showersA meteor shower is a ethereal event wherein it is observed that a group of meteors radiate from anyone point in the sky. This phenomenon is also known as Meteor Storm or Meteor Outburst. The meteors that are present in the showers are actually cosmic debris that enter the Earth atmosphere at very high revive and melt very quickly due to friction leaving behind a streak of light which is known as the meteor shower. An identified meteor shower is usually an annua l affair as the Earth will encounter the same meteors at approximately the same time and same speed all(prenominal) year.CausesMeteor showers are a result of interaction that takes place amidst the planet Earth and a comet. Comets consist of deoxyephedrine and rocks (often termed dirty ice balls) that orbit around the sun like planets. Every time the comet gets close to the sun, some of the ice present in the comet melts which produces a large amount of debris. This debris moves away from the comet and becomes a part of its get across which is visible part of the comet.The solid parts of the tail are the meteoroids and they spread along the entire orbit of the comet which is termed as a meteoroid pour. As the Earth orbits around the sun, its path may cross the meteoroid stream and a meteor shower follows. When the meteoroid stream is particularly dense, then we get to witness the meteor storm and having witnessed one myself, I can guarantee that the sight is truly spectacular.P eople Behind the planIt is believed that Irish astronomer George Johnstone Clooney collaborating with the British astronomer Arthur Matthew Weld Downing and Adolf Berberich belonging to the Royal Astronomical Computation Institute in Berlin, Germany offered the very first creative thinker of the meteoroid stream in the 1890. They were able to calculate as to how the meteoroids once freed from the comet would travel at low speeds when compared to the comet itself would start drifting later completing one orbit.This effect was attributed to simple orbital wherein the materials drift laterally away from the comet as some particles make a wider orbit when compared to separate particles. The gravitative pull of the Earths atmosphere would decide where the dust trails would pass the Earths atmosphere. It is a fair possibility that some years, the dust particles can completely take out the Earths orbit.Major Meteor ShowersIf you want to watch meteor showers then the best time of the year is the night of January 3. The shower has been named Quadrantids and this particular shower can produce over a close to 140 meteors per hour. The source of this shower is not a comet but a minor planet, 2003 EH1 which suffered a blasting breakup in 1490. However, the showers are very faint and the peak hours last only for a few hours. Hence, you will have to be in a good spot and at an ideal point to watch the shower in all its glory and the best place to watch this particular shower is from the Northern Hemisphere. But people in Southern Hemisphere need not be disappointed.As a matter of fact, they get to witness a meteor shower termed Eta Aquarids which consists of debris from the famous Halleys Comet. This shower peaks on the night of May 5 and the rate of meteors is about 30 per hour. The meteor shower Geminids is considered to be the best annual shower. It peaks around the night of December 13 and the rate of meteor is around 70 per hour. The source of this shower is als o a minor planet, 3200 Phaethon. It is best visible from the Northern Hemisphere and it is believed that due to the extreme cold conditions, the air tends to be more transparent and this is the reason as to why this particular shower is spectacular.Sporadic Meteor ShowersWhen the meteoroids collide with each another(prenominal) and can become a part of the sporadic meteors background. They form isolated meteors and are not a part of any shower.AsteroidsAsteroids are considered to be remnants of an early broken planet of the solar system. Asteroids have no fixed shape and are too small to be spherical in shape. They are ellipsoids (two dimensional figure), dumbbell or irregularly shaped. As they have different shapes, they also set out in their size. The first asteroid Ceres, discovered in January 1801 by Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi, is the largest known asteroid and is 940 km in diameter. roughly of the smallest asteroids are dear 6 meters in diameter. The mass of all the asteroids added together, is believed to lesser than the mass of the Moon. Only 200,000 asteroids have been discovered so far, but billion more undiscovered asteroids legato exit in our solar system.Asteroid BeltMost asteroids lie in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, however there are more belts in the solar system, namely the ones beyond Neptunes orbit. The belt itself has interesting origination theories. Most astronomers believe that the belt is a broken planet, while some say that the belt is primordial material that never coalesced into a planet because of Jupiters gravitational pull. The asteroid belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and contains more than 200 asteroids larger than 100 km in diameter, and more than 750,000 asteroids with diameters larger than 1 km. Most asteroids are found in this belt because of the gravitational interaction between the solar system and the celestial bodies in it.As opposed to the fiction made popular by various depicti ons of the asteroid belt, it is not at all dense. The region is so vast that asteroids are hundreds of thousands of kilometers away from their closest neighbor. The asteroids are so small and far away from each other that they appear as faint stars, and except for Ceres, are not bright enough to be seen without some telescopic aid. Only the asteroid Vesta, on rare occasions of an extremely clear dark sky can become visible to the stark naked eye.What are Asteroids Composed Of?Asteroids are made of different minerals and substances. This depends on the planet they broke away from in a collision, as well as the chemical reactions they might have experienced while orbiting in the solar system. The asteroids closest to the Sun are mostly carbonaceous and the ones further away are composed of silicate rock. The metallic asteroids are made of 70-80% iron and the remaining is nickel with many other metals such as iridium mixed in. Some are also made of half silicate and half metallic. T he asteroid Ceres is composed of a rocky core covered by an icy mantle, whereas Vesta has a nickel-iron core, basaltic crust and a covering of magnesium iron silicate (olivine mantle). Asteroids composition has been relegateified as the following C class asteroids They are found in the Earths outer belt and are darker and more carbonaceous than the ones found in the S class.D class asteroids They are also known as Trojan asteroids of Jupiter and are dark and carbonaceous in composition. S class asteroids They are found in the Earths midland belt, closer to Mars and are composed of mostly stone and iron. V class asteroids They are a far-out group of asteroids that follow a path between the orbits of Jupiter and Uranus, and are made of igneous, eruptive materials. A near-Earth asteroid collided with the Earth about 65 million years ago, which triggered environmental changes, leading to the extinction of the dinosaurs. This asteroid created a huge circular depression called the Chicx ulub Basin and is centered in Mexicos Yucatan Peninsula, a major tourist attraction.Though the chances of asteroid collision with the Earth is very rare, they do come very close to our planet due to collisions and gravitational tugs on the highly elliptical Suns orbit. Most asteroids burn up in the atmosphere and never reach the Earth. NASA projects, such as the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) and the Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) main objectives are to learn and intercept asteroids or other celestial bodies coming close to the Earth before they cause untold damage to our planet.Asteroids are small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal, that revolve around the Sun. Their size can vary some asteroids are large and roughly spherical in shape, due to which they appear like miniature planets while the others are small and irregularly shaped. The matter of these celestial bodies also differs. The asteroid Vesta, is believed to have a nickel-iron core, olivine m antle and basaltic crust, while the asteroid 10 Hygiea is composed of carbonaceous chondrite. Most of the small asteroids are scores of rubble held together by gravity. Some asteroids supposedly have traces of amino-acids and other organic compounds, and it is assumed that the impact of asteroids on the Earth could have initiated life on the planet by seeding it with the necessary chemical substances. Although, it is believed that the asteroids may have planted life on the Earth, they are capable of having catastrophic effect on the planet as well.Asteroids with a diameter of 5 to 10 meters, and energy equal to 15 kilotons of TNT, enter into the Earths atmosphere approximately once either year while, those with a diameter of over 50 meters enter the Earths atmosphere approximately once in a thousand years. Their impact can be devastating if they hit the Earth, but they disintegrate in the upper atmosphere and most of the particles are vaporized, thus rendering them harmless. In th e removed past, our planet has experienced a massive climate change and large-scale extinction of animal and plant species, ascribed to the impact of some large asteroids on the planet. The exogenesis theory suggests that origin of life on the Earth must have been triggered by the impact of some asteroid, stock uping organic chemicals needed to initiate life form. The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, which led to the end of dinosaurs and the Permian-Triassic extinction event that led to the end of the Permian period finishing off 90% of the species on the planet, are believed to be the result of an asteroid impact on the Earth.The craters on the solid bodies in the solar system, which were attributed to volcanic activities till 1960s, were actually formed due to the impact of celestial bodies. Researchers have determined that in the last 600 million years, 60 objects with a diameter of five km or more, have struck the Earth. Even the smallest of these object possessed energy of ten million megatons of TNT, and would have formed a crater, approximately 95 km in diameter, on the surface of our planet. The Rio Cuarto craters in Argentina are believed to have formed due to the impact of asteroids that struck this area around 10,000 years ago. In 1490, ten thousand people reportedly lost their lives due to a announce of stones from the sky. This hail of stones is assumed to be result of the disintegration of a large asteroid, after it entered the Earths atmosphere. In 1908, a mid-air explosion of an asteroid destroyed 80 million trees, within an area of 830 miles, near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River, in Siberia.In many cases, the sighting of a contrary body, such as an asteroid or a meteoroids is reported as a fireball in the sky. Millions of asteroids will pass by the Earth in the years to come. Though, they are unknown now, they are detectable as they come closer to the planet. The Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) and the Near Earth Asteroi d Tracking (NEAT) are projects initiated by NASA to detect asteroids or other such foreign bodies coming close to the Earth. The need of the hour is to develop an intercept system in space, to destroy or deflect foreign objects heading towards our planet, before they prove catastrophic.Asteroids are celestial bodies consisting of rocks and metals. They are mainly concentrated in the region known as the asteroid belt which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids can be as big as Ceres, which is close to 1000 kilometers in diameter, or can be further a few feet in diameter. Whatever the size, asteroids are neither big enough to be called planets nor are they as small as comets. They are classified as minor planets that include the Kuiper Belt Objects.DiscoveryOn January 1, 1801, Giuseppe Piazzi discovered the first asteroid which he initially thought to be a comet. He named this asteroid Ceres, after the Sicilian Goddess of grain. Ceres is also the largest asteroid to have been discovered so far. Soon, other large asteroids like Pallas, Juno and Vista were discovered. By the end of the 19th century, several(prenominal) hundred asteroids were discovered.Formation of AsteroidsIt was once believed that asteroids were formed by the explosion of a planet orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. However, according to present day astronomers, asteroids are debris left behind by the Big Bang that could not come together to form a tenth planet because of the effect of Jupiters gravitational pull.Asteroid HitsAsteroids have been hitting the Earth since millions of years. However, due to the friction with Earths atmosphere most of the asteroids get burnt. The asteroids that enter the Earth s atmosphere are called meteors while the ones that get burnt and appear as shooting stars are called meteorites. According to the Giant Impact Theory, the Moon was created when Theia, an asteroid of the size of Mars, collided with the Earth in the early days of the solar syste m. However, some consider Theia to be more of a planetoid than an asteroid. The largest crater caused by an asteroid hit is the Chicxulub crater in Mexico that is 180 km in diameter. The asteroid that formed the crater had a diameter of 10 km. This collision is supposed to be responsible for the extinction of a large number of flora and fauna including the dinosaur. However, the evidence of the largest asteroid hit is in the Vredefort crater in South Africa that is 300 km in diameter.Impacts of Asteroid HitsThe damage that an asteroids impact can cause depends mainly upon its mass and velocity, as these are the two factors that determine the energy that is released when an asteroid hits the Earth. While some asteroids are capable of sending thermal waves that can incinerate most flora and fauna within a few hundred kilometers, some larger asteroids can create huge impacts causing magma to cover areas as big as continents. The worst effect of an asteroid hit is the pulley out of su nlight for months together due to formation of dust clouds and soot in the upper atmosphere. This would hamper the jet plants ability to prepare food through the process of photosynthesis and the food chain would be disrupted.Near-Earth AsteroidsNear-Earth asteroids are those that have moved closer to the Earths orbit as they have been knocked out of the asteroid belt due to collision with other asteroids or comets, or due to the gravitational forces of Jupiter. They are classified into the following three groups The Amors These are near-Earth asteroids that cross the orbit of Mars but do not go out of the Earths orbit. The Apollos The orbits of these near-Earth asteroids cross the Earths orbit but have an orbital period of greater than one year.The Atens These near-Earth asteroids have orbits that cross the Earths orbit but have an orbital period of less than one year. Asteroids are currently being monitored for their probability of colliding with the Earth. Such studies have pred icted that asteroids may hit the Earth on February 1, 2019 and March 16, 2880. The probability of the 2880 collision is as high as 1 in 300. A number of projects in the field of astronomy, like Spacewatch, Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking and Catalina Sky take after are being carried out to detect any threat of such catastrophes.CometsA comet is a small body in space. It was matter of great interest to astronomers like Sir Edmond Halley. Many decades later, comets still remain a challenging mystery for the field of astronomy. Space research institutes around the world have reported the existence of 3628 comets that are known and studied. Annually, an average of one comet is comprehend by the naked eye from the surface of the Earth. According to the definitions given by the various space research organizations, a comet can be be as a space body that travels in an elliptical orbit around the sun. Most of the comets travel in elliptical orbits. When the comet comes in the vicinity of th e star it is orbiting around, its comma-like tail gets illuminated. A majority of comets are visible only through reachs and other aids. There are however, some comets which are also visible to the naked eye.What is a Comet Made Up of?A comet is principally made up of ice, dust and different forms of gases. The nature of the components differs from comet to comet. The central part of a comet that looks like a ball is termed as the lens kernel. The karyon is principally made up of ice and frozen gases. The frozen components also include many other compounds like ammonia, methane and carbon dioxide. Rocks are another component of the nucleus. Due to such composition, the nucleus of the comet often resembles a huge ball of dirt and snow. It is also believed by some astronomers, that the nucleus of a comet is rather fragile because several comets have split into parts without any explainable reason except immense velocity.The huge elliptical orbit takes the comet in the range of heat of the star around which it is orbiting. When the comet enters the inner parts of the solar system, the frozen content of the nucleus starts melting. The gases and water within the nucleus vaporize as a result of radiation from the star and the solar wind. The immense velocity of the comet and the solar wind, push the vaporized matter away from the nucleus. This gives the comet its unadorned tail and the comma-like appearance. The high amount of heat and the ions (charged particles that are formed due to the heat of the sun) cause the tail of the comet to glow.How are Comets Formed?According to their formation or birth, the comets can be classified into two types. The first type is short-term comets which originate in the Kuiper belt as space bodies beyond the orbit of Pluto. The gravitational pull of the planets in the solar system, causes the origin of short term comets. These comets enter the solar system and take the form of active and glowing comets. Long term comets originat e as traveling bodies in the Oort cloud (located around 50,000 light years away from the sun). The gravitational attraction of the planets in the solar system and other gravitational forces cause these comets to form elliptical orbits.Death of a CometThe study of comets has revealed that they have a fragile structure. Sometimes, comets split into parts due to sheer velocity. The entry and exit of comets in the solar system in course of its orbit, reduces the amount of matter (ice and frozen gases) in it. Due to this reduction in matter, the comets break-up and disperse into clouds. A dead comet is nothing but an asteroid or a similar form of a space body. Sometimes the comets also crash in other planets when their orbits cross each other. The most famous example of such a comet is the Shoemaker Levy 9, that crashed into Jupiter. For astronomers who have spent their lives studying comets, it a very heart-breaking wink to gaze at a dying comet.The Halleys Comet is said to be one of t he most beautiful comets. Another very beautiful comet is the Hale-Bopp, that was discovered in the year 1995, on 23rd July. It was predicted by astronomers that the Halleys Comet would be sighted in the November of 1835. Mark Twain, the famous writer, was born just two weeks after the sighting. He developed a very special liking towards the Halleys Comet. In his biography he comments,I came in with the Halleys Comet, and expect to go with it. The powerful has said no doubt, Now here are two unaccountable freaks they came in together they must go out together. Halleys Comet was next sighted on 20th April, 1910. Twain ended the journey of his life the very next day. The journey of any comet is indeed like that of Mark Twain. It is remarkably long, fast, courageous as it streaks across the dark sky.Haleys cometHistorical SpottingsBritish scientist, Edmond Halley who observed the comet in 1682, was the first person to establish its periodic reappearance after every 75-76 years. He st udied the comet and quite accurately predicted that it had earlier appeared in 1531 and in 1607. It was named Halley in his honor and was observed again in 1758 as stated by him. It was last seen in February 1986. However, this was not the first time the comet was in focus. The first sighting recorded, was way back in 240 BC, by the Chinese and was mentioned in a chronicle, Records of the Great Historian. The comet also finds a mention in a Babylonian clay inscription of 164 BC. It has always been a subject of great interest, since it was believed to have an influence on the contemporary events. Armenian king Tigranes II, had its image printed on the coins issued in his regime after it was sighted in 87 BC. Therefore, even though the recurrence of the comet was an unknown fact, people were fascinated by its appearance.The bright star that appeared in the night sky in 12 BC, coinciding with the birth of Jesus, is wide believed to be the Halleys comet. Giotto Di Bondone, the famous It alian painter, who lived before the renaissance era, painted it in his work The Star of Bethlehem in the Nativity, in 1305. He had seen the comet appear in 1301 and was impressed by the spectacle. In the middle ages, the appearance of a comet was considered to be a warning sign of a forthcoming danger.The most famous fortuity of spotting a comet during this period, was in 1066, before the Battle of Hastings. King Harold who had lost the battle, was believed to have seen the comet due to which he was cursed. In fact, the Bayeux Tapestry in Normandy, France, signifies the Norman victory in this battle with an image of King Harold looking at the comet in the sky. In 1456, Pope Calixtus III had condemned its appearance considering it to be an evil omen. Three years prior to this, Europe was defeated by the Ottoman Empire. Human beings have always blamed celestial phenomena, whenever they have not been able to explain the causes of real unfavorable events.Historically, the presence of a comet in the night sky was commonly cited as the reason behind difficult situations that were beyond the reasoning of common man. A French physician, Ambroise, had described the pitiful conditions of middle ages, when a comet was seen just before the spread of a big epidemic. According to him, some people were scared to oddment while others fell sick on seeing the comet. It was believed to be some evil form leaving behind a trail of blood, believed to be a sign of misery.Recent SpottingsIn the 16th and the 17th century, scientists learned to calculate the speed and quad at which comets travel around the Sun. Once, Edmond Halley had established the year of its reappearance, Halleys comet became a matter of great interest. Although, he didnt live to see his prediction coming true, his observation had a significant impact on the way society perceived comets. The sighting of a comet, especially Halleys comet became less of a concern and more of a curiosity among people. Once people effected that comets are orbiting bodies just like planets, they became less apprehensive on the arrival of a comet in the Earths visibility zone. The change in the spatial relation of the people was seen in the depiction of the comet in the contemporary pictures. Halleys comet was a subject of scientific study and was depicted as a beautiful ethereal body in the sky. Famous American writer Mark Twain was born in 1835, the year when Halleys comet had appeared.He predicted in 1909 that since he had come with the comet he will go out with it. Sure enough, he passed away a year after the comet reappeared in 1910. In the 1900s, it had appeared twice once in 1910 and then in 1986. Further studies gave us a deep insight into the structure, composition and orbital journey of many different comets. Halleys comet has one of the shor evidence orbital paths. It is classified as a short period comet, i.e. comets having an orbit period of 200 years or less.Once upon a time, it belonged to th e long period class, but due to the gravitational force of planets, its orbit shortened over a period of time. Today, it is known that comets like Hale Bopp which appeared in 1997, will reappear after 4200 years Thus, Halleys comet is the most frequently spotted one. Recently, it was seen in February 1986. During this visit, it was subjected to its biggest scrutiny ever. Five spacecrafts from The European Space Agency, Japan and the USSR were launched to study its surface.Structure and Composition of Halleys CometHalleys comet is a big mass of ice and dust, having an elliptical orbit and shaped like a peanut. It has a highly elongated orbit, taking it very close to the Sun. It flings off far in the outer solar system, similar to a slingshot motion. The composition is mainly of water, sodium monoxide, methane, ammonia, hydrocarbons, iron and sodium. Its closest distance from the Sun was found to be just 0.6 AU (astronomical unit) and the farthest distance was calculated to be 35 AU, roughly the same distance as that of Pluto. It orbits the Sun in a retrograde or in the direction opposite to that of the planets revolution. The speed with respect to the Earth is quite high, since it is highly eccentric and inclined.The day time is relatively more on its surface and its maximum temperature rises up to 77 degrees celsius. Due to its large size and a well-defined and regular orbit, it was easy for the look into missions photograph it closely and study its surface. The mass of the comet is 1.71015 kilograms and the size of the nucleus has been estimated to be 15 km 7 km 7 km. Winds blowing near its surface are so strong that 1 gram particle of dust which hit the Giotto space test, briefly destabilized it. Halleys comet will next appear in 2062. Comets have always been a fascination for human beings and will continue to mesmerize generations to come, as we discover more interesting facts about these spectacular fireballs, the comets.Comet lullinComet Lulin was dis covered on July 11, 2007, by the duo of Ye Quanzhi and Lin Chi-Sheng. A non-periodic comet, Lulin appears to be greenish in color. This green color is attributed to the presence of gases such as cyanogen and diatomic carbon, which produce a green glow when illuminated by sunlight in the vacuum of the space. Officially designated as C/2007 N3 (Lulin), it is also known as the Comet of Cooperation in China and Taiwan, as the two individuals involved in its discovery, were from these two countries. This comet was first photographed by Taiwanese astronomer Lin Chi-Sheng on July 11, 2007, while he was working on the Lulin Sky Survey Project (LUSS) at the Lulin observatory in Nantou, Taiwan. The Lulin Sky Survey Project aims to identify the numerous small objects in the solar system, particularly those that pose possible hazards to our planet. Lin used a 16-inch squeeze to photograph this comet, which was initially assumed to be an asteroid.A few days later, Ye Quanzhi, a 19-year old stud ent of meteorology from Sun Yat-Sen University, China, recognized this comet while going through Lins photographs. Its status of being a comet was confirmed after the presence of coma, the nebulous envelope around the nucleus of the comet, was discover. Both, Lin and Quanzhi were accredited with the discovery of this new comet. As it was first noticed from the Lulin Observatory, it was named as Comet Lulin. Comet Lulin was seen in the Libra constellation from January to March 2009. In January, it was getting brighter and could be seen just before dawn while in February, the brightness reached its peak. Eventually, in March, it started to fade as it went farther away from the Earth. While it was approach path the Earth, it had a typical tail pointing away from the Sun, as well as an anti-tail which was directly pointing towards the sun. Although, it was assumed that this anti-tail was observed only in photographs, some observers reported that it was visible even from a telescope in February 2009.According to Brian Marsden, an astronomer at Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Massachusetts, this comets closest approach to the sun was on January 10, 2009 when it reached a distance of 113 million miles from the sun. He noticed that the comet was moving in a retrograde orbit that is near-parabolic. On February 24, Comet Lulin came the closest to the Earth, at a distance of 0.41 AU or 38 million miles to be precise. On February 4, 2009, a team of Italian astronomers, under the leadership of Ernesto Guido, witnessed a strange phenomenon taking place in comet Lulin. While photographing the comet with a remotely controlled telescope in New Mexico, they saw that its tail suddenly disconnected. Ernesto attributed this odd phenomenon to magnetic disturbance of the solar wind hitting the comet. Earlier, this had been observed with Comet Encke too, when coronal mass exception occurred, due to such magnetic storms.Photographs taken by NASAs Swift Gamma-ray Explorer sat ellite in ultra-violet and X-rays show that Lulin is shedding 800 gallons of water every second. Observations by NASA also revealed that the surface material of the comet was burning away due to suns heat. This sighting of Comet Lulin was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the whole world, as there is no possibility of this comet returning to the inner solar system, at least not for the next thousand years. Human kind has always looked to the heavens in astonishment and wonder, and sometimes in fear. Perhaps no other astronomical phenomenon except a total solar eclipse has historically evoked as much fear as comets. When the specter of fear is removed, however, they emerge as strikingly beautiful objects in the sky. It was once believed that if earth passed through a tail of a comet, its inhabitants would die this theory has been discredited.Comets are messengers from a time long past. Most are chunks of dirty ice, locked away in the Oort cloud for billions of years. (Oort cloud It is the source for long period comets, with orbital periods of greater than two hundred years.) Comets are familiar to nearly everyone as striking star like objects with long tails reaching across a wide band of the sky. The most famous comet, Halleys comet makes its return to the skies every seventy-five years. The word comet is derived from a Greek word heart and soul long haired Comets were greatly feared before the twentieth century as bad omens. Since then, they have been identified and cataloged as objects that come from deep space. Most of them occupy orbits that carry them far outside the solar system. Many of them make only a single approach to the sun and never return again, while others exist in stable, but highly elliptical orbits that allow them to return after an extended period of time, such as the Halleys comet.In 1986, the European space probe Giotto passed about 600 kilometers from the Comet Halley as it made its close approach to the sun. The probe verified e xisting theories that comets are made up of ices covered by black dust or soil. The spacecraft confirmed a theory that had been advanced prior to the reconnaissance that described comets as dirty snowballs. Using data taken by the spacecraft, scientists determined that the dust is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Other metals have also been discovered in comets, such as iron, calcium, nickel, potassium, copper and silicon. Halleys comet was one of the darkest objects ever seen in the solar system it was basically flat black. Comets are composed of a mixture of ices and dust. As a comet approaches the sun, it absorbs the suns energy and warms up. The main body of the comet is called the nucleus. As the nucleus warms, the ice beneath the comets soil evaporates.Because the comet has no atmosphere, the evaporated substance (also called a volatile) escapes into the vacuum of space as a gaseous envelope that surrounds the comet called coma. As the coma grows, it forms a plume of vapor that carries away some of the comets surface as well. This mixture of evaporated volatile particles and dust is carried away from the comet by solar wind, is ionized by high-voltage particles, and creates the spectacular tail of the comet. The comets tail, glowing in the solar wind, can stream behind the comet for millions of kilometers. The nucleus of the comet consists of mostly volatile ices and dust. The ice is nearly all water ice, but there is also evidence of ices composed of carbon dioxide and methane. More elementary compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon monoxide may exist as volatile ices.Comets are typically small bodies (comparatively). Halleys comet is a potato shaped object, 14 by 17 kilometers. The largest known comet is Chiron, which is estimated to be approximately 200 kilometers in diameter. Comets are thought to have formed as the solar system evolved. The material of which comets are composed was constructed by accretion at the outer edge of the disk of material that ultimately became the sun and planets. Because the comet material was fashioned at the outer edge of the solar system, the sun did not evaporate the volatiles in the cometary material.At the same time, the giant star planets of the solar system formed at what would become the outer orbits of the solar system. These massive planets encountered the newly formed comets, and the ones that were not engulfed by the giant planets were, over the first billion years, catapulted into interstellar space by the planets massive gravitational fields. Not all comets met that fate, however. Some were gently nudged into stable orbits closer to the sun. Others were flung into the inner solar system and impacted the inner planets.Relevance The study of comets involves detailed knowledge of its composition of the outer regions of the solar system and the space between the last planet and 100,000 astronomical units onwards. Cometary study also seeks to understand complex grav itational interactions between bodies separated by wide distances and even gravitational interactions between tiny comets, their behavior when approaching the sun, and something of the makeup and evolution of the early solar system. New comets approaching the sun for the first time have been held in deep freeze in the Oort cloud and are thought to be composed of primordial material of the newly forming solar system. They have been tied up in the Oort cloud for billions of years at temperatures slightly above absolute zero. As they approach the sun, their internal gases begin to steam away. A detailed study of an approaching comet may tell cosmologists about the composition of the early solar systems. Comets and their approach have also hinted at the existence of the elusive brown dwarf, thought to be one of the most common bodies of interstellar space.Because they are so dim, they are all but invisible from Earth. On the other hand, because brown dwarfs are thought to be so plentifu l, the study of comets and their orbits may give the first real clues to the formers reality and abundance. In the early 1980s the existence of the astronomic tidal action was merely speculation. Since then, careful study of cometary orbits and approaches has favorable supported the theory of galactic tides. In the close approach of Halleys comet by an unmanned spacecraft in 1986, a wealth of information was recovered on the shape, behavior, and composition of comets. The existence of the Oort cloud and the concept gravitational interactions by way out objects in space have led to the theory of periodic comet showers. Such comet showers, separated by periods of tens of millions of years, may be responsible for the mass extinction on Earth.There is a wide speculation that Earth was struck by one or more comets 70 million years ago, which wiped out the dinosaurs. Some scientists have speculated that this extinction was the result of a shower of comets from the Oort cloud, sent on th eir close approach to the sun by a passing star or brown dwarf through the Oort cloud. Comets have been used to judge vast distances, evaluate the composition of the solar system as it was being born, and even test the idea that the gravity of the entire galaxy can make a difference to the smallest objects in space.Comets have been used as yardsticks to evaluate what may be the most type of star in the galaxy-the brown dwarf-which ironically is one that may never be seen. They have also been called dirty snowballs. Halleys comet was so black that it was the darkest object ever seen in space. Yet, from these dirty specks of ice, cosmologists have witnessed some of the most spectacular light shows. Ultimately comets may also generate clues to some of the most fundamental secrets about the solar system and planets. From these tiny messengers, cosmologists may unlock and examine pristine elements from creation itself.