Negotiation with chinese Essay Example for Free

Negotiation with chinese Es set upWe tender to express sincere appreciation to professor Shia Yun Chiang for his assi position in the preparation of this manuscript. In addition, special thanks to Yama (Yuehai skid actual Ltd) whos familiarity with the ask and ideas of these team and was helpful during the early programming mannequin of this research. INTRODUCTION Continental Design is a compevery where excellence and customer satisfactory argon priority. After ten years of being in railway line, Continental now seeks to enter the Chinese commercialize.On Thursday, June 13th 2013, nigh members were selected to visit the potential customers of our new shoe-soles designs to introduce and negotiate our terms. These members include Mr. Emmanuel Mlay (Financial Officer), Mr. Robin Sharma(Managing Director), Mr. Cliff Osoo (Contracting Officer), Ms. Bella Chan (General Overseer), Ms. Sandra O. K (Sales Manager). Upon arrival, we were interpreted in and around the factory to e xperience their works and then to the meeting room. In this pass over, we apologize further our observation and purposes in negotiating with the typical Chinese.This report accents mainly on the observations which includes specifications, mode of conduct, styles and techniques managewise elaborating on how they work together as individualist or collectivism. Again the language handlingd, what they felt at easement to say, their communication skills, relationships with clients, were also under study. However their reasoning and way of cerebration was several(prenominal)how fascinating and very interesting which this report enlightens ideally and strategically. A legal brief just now very informative research was d oneness to know our potential customers forrader make uping out to them.The one talked about in this report is Yuehai piazza material, a very renowned shoesole company in china. In the end, all disdain operations erect be reduced to three row mountain, pr oduct and profits. Unless youve got a good team, you arseholet do frequently with the other two. 1 1 By Lee Iacocca 1 Chapter 1 THE CONTINENTAL visualise Continental design provides differentiated products that accelerate innovations in the global design foodstuff. With ten years of experience and commitment, Continental design has grown to be one of the strongest competitors in the field of designing.This company has also spent those ten years in developing its communication and negotiation skills. Its management capabilities have enabled it to technically direct the challenges and efficiently provide products that argon best in the market. As Victor Papanek once said Design is the conscious effort to impose a purposeful order. Continental design was founded by a team of five engineers with one primary goal of working tough helping all small and long shoes companies to succeed through professionally enhanced designs.Today, Continental design is a full-service independent company with about 10 percent of the world market sh atomic number 18. Our services cover the whole of Africa, South and North America, Middle East and few countries in Asia. Recently we have initiated our first staple toward China market. 2 BUYERS COMPANY PROFILE Yuehai Shoes Materials Yuehai shoe material has to a greater extent(prenominal) than 20 years of manufacturing experience and large number of qualified senior employees who argon break upn up to settling problems and confronting challenges. It has adopted advanced equipment from Taiwan and main land China.The production technology is matured and reliable at the same fourth dimension it uses the original material that makes its products to be famous by their high qualities. Its domestic market ranges from Guangzhou and Dongguan where at that place is a stiff competition that helps them to develop new and up-to date designs that meet the market demands. It then covered the whole of China before capturing Europe and Am erica as the first target in outside market. Most recently, it has expanded its external market to Middle East and Africa as a whole, where it has entered into more than 10 different countries.Shoes are human daily life necessities. Shoes industries volition never perish as long as human being still exists. With the use of imagination this company is committed to continue to develop shoe industries as part of making the life of entire society in the world better off. Address No. 39 beicun road, huangqi, nanhai district, foshan city, Guangdong province, China. Tel 8675785938525 Fax 867578592981 E direct emailprotected straighten out Yuehaixe. com. cn 3 Chapter 2 NEGOTIATION PREPARATION In negotiation there are few things that have to be put in place before the negotiating team or person set off for the negotiation.The factors that are mostly considered before negotiation are ? Length of gouge This is the period that the contract go away emergence before its renewed again. The seller always concentrate in this factor because it affect the profit the company impart make and for how long. generally its 1 to 3 years. This factor is important because it also influence the determine to be offered to the buyer. ? Volume to be ordered After a seller has agree on the length of contract then the next thing to talk about is the Volume that will be bought.When few goods are bought, there is a high possibility that the bell will be higher unlike when a large quantity is bought therefore these first two factors influence the price of the item. ? Price The third factor to talk about after length of contract and muckle is price at which the good will be s mature. In every(prenominal) company, there is a price offered depending on the quantity to be bought, quality and other things needed for production. The larger the quantity, the menialer the price will be and vice versa. 4 ? intromitance Terms and Services.The most important thing for a company going for a n egotiation is length of contract, multitude and price and other things like payment terms and services comes up later. The last two remaining factors are considered to make sure that the items agreed before is taken into account in a proper manner. Payment terms are important because even if you have a long contract with large volume barely payment is non done in time, you will have to lose something. Services are offered to the buyer to make sure he/she is fit with the goods bought. 5 SELLERS WISH LIST. here(predicate) we make our wish list before we went to the meeting. We had concluded our lowest price and the contract length. Below you can see the result of our company board meeting before going to negotiate with Chinese company ITEM2 Length of contract Volume Price Payment terms Services WEIGHT 40% 25% 20% 10% 5% RANGE 2-1 Years 500-100units/month $200-$150 10-15days 5/5-8/5 In the following table you can see that we agreed to have at least 1 year contract with Chinese com pany. As they are old and experience company, we cerebrate that it wont be any problem even if we have 2 years long contract.In terms of volume we were ready to deliver any amount till up to 500 per months. Price was the main concern of our meeting. We know that they will pick up to spend more time on the price negotiating and knowing we have galore(postnominal) competitors in the market, we needed to come up with a very good price range. We also had an agreement on payment terms which should meet within the short period. Lastly, we agreed to offer them a good customer service. 2 Professor Shia Yun Chiang male monarch point presentation-Estimating wish list ,Power point presentation slide no. 9 10 6 THE AGREEMENT ZONE In every negotiation, there are two possible outcomes.The parties can either r distributively an agreement or not. The first situation is where the seller and the buyer dont reach an agreement at all, either, due to the buyer or seller not agreeing with the offer given. The second situation is where the two parties (Buyer and Seller) reach an agreement and signs a contract for the business to take place immediately. For the two parties to reach an agreement, they will have to consider their Consequence of No Agreement (CNA). CNA will either make the two parties to agree or disagree.BUYERS WISH LIST ITEM3 Price Services Payment terms Length of contract Volume WEIGHT 45% 25% 20% 5% 5% RANGE $100-$150 8/5-5/5 Cash transfer 3-1Years 50-100units/month After a lengthy countersign with the buyer, following were the outcomes of negotiation OUTCOME ITEM Price Length of Contract Volume Payment Terms Services DETAILS $150/Design 1 Year 100 Units/month Cash Transfer in 2 days 10 Days training Professor Shia Yun Chiang Power point presentation-Estimating wish list ,Power point presentation slide no. 9 10 7 Chapter 3 OBSERVATION VALUES AND THINKING IN NEGOTIATION.When going for a negotiation one has to learn the buyers values in thinking. These values d iffer from one landed e extract or one region to the other and it can cause a misunderstanding between the two parties. According to the research we did about Chinese negotiation, we found out that Chinese are more relationship oriented than Africans and even other nations. As soon as we entered into the Chinese office for the negotiation, they offered us Water. This proves that they are more relationship oriented they use this to build a rapport between their clients even before negotiation.another(prenominal) thing that the company we were negotiating with did is that, they invited us for supper. In these acts we can see how Chinese tidy sum are mostly towards relationship with their clients unlike other European countries or America and even Africa. Before us reaching a conclusion, the Chinese people asked a lot of personal questions even in the middle of our negotiation. Some of the questions they asked were When will you go sand to your country? Do you like china? Is your cou ntry very hot than china? These personal questions that are not related to business are a clear picture of Chinese values and thinking in a negotiation.As a general rule, its always safer to adopt a formal posture and move to an informal stance, if the situation warrants it, than to turn in an informal style too quickly4 4 As Jeswald W. Salacuse- (Ivey Business journal) 8 . During our research, we were also able to notice some of the things that are not common in African countries and even other continents. The first thing that they did is to welcome us in a very encouraging manner that made us feel at home, and with such hospitality, we were able to do the negotiation having been convinced that Chinese are good business people.This kind of hospitality that Chinese people give to their clients make them win in the businesses they negotiate in because the other party will feel so cared for that they can trust the offers given. Another thing we noticed in the research is the way they asked us whether someone has introduced us to the company or we looked it up in the internet. At the beginning I didnt see the reason why they should be concerned with how we got to know about the company, but after we finished the meeting I had to ask and what they told us is, in Chinese (Intermediary/ middleman). This is one of the things that make us to realize how important Chinese value relationship in the business arena. The other behavior that we spy in the process of visiting and doing the negotiation is that, immediately we arrived at the factory, we were received and taken around the factory to see how they do their production and even explaining every step of production line. This really made us feel honored and we started to see them as transparent and responsible people, something that needed in business so much.Chinese negotiating style is people oriented and permeated with such Confucians notion as guanxi, renqing, face, family age, harmony, hierarchy, li (etiquett e)5. 5 As said by Tong Fang Chinese Business Negotiating Styles 9 CIRCULAR REASONING TALKING In our haste to market our designs for shoe soles. We came across various ways in which Chinese carry out their business negotiation. While most of the companies we approached exhibited the sequential kind of talking, the Chinese demonstrated the circular type.Interestingly, as we tried to obtain information and answer their questions regarding our products, we realized that Chinese, when not raise in your product would rather beat about the bush than going straight to the point. This is mostly demonstrated in the time of negotiating prices. This makes it hard to determine their stance in terms of buying the product. It is almost impossible at that moment to determine the level of consequence of no agreement on the buyers side. As much as you try explaining and convincing Chinese buyers who are less interested in a product, you will end up barely like before.It is hard for them to say no point blank. This I believe is because of the long courting and relationship they build up with their business partners before negotiating. For instance, in one of our interviews, the interviewee mentioned after our refusal to take lunch with him that it is the culture of Chinese people to dine with their potential business partners irrespective of their interests. He explained that not only does this emphasize politeness it also creates room for next or future cooperation. That is why in almost every meeting with a Chinese business man, you are served tea or water even before the talking starts.As pleasing as this might sound, it is also the reason behind the average Chinese would want to beat about the bush when not interested in the product for sale. Relationship and friendship are commonly used to obtain a better price and more concessions. 10 Herbig and Martin (1998), Stark, Fam, Waller and Tian (2005), and Zhu et al. (2007) all found that the Chinese do not rush into the negot iation, but rather, spend a lot of time in getting to know their counterparts as much as possible, even including personal information in order to build guanxi and trust from the beginning.Another finding is that they would want to end the meeting peacefully and friendly just as it had started without having to ruin the relationship or hurt anyones feelings, yet they have to decide whether or not to purchase the product. According to Faure (1999), the Chinese focus more on relationship building during this stage, as they need to know their counterparts for any business deal to occur. This negotiation practice might cause conflict with Westerners, as Westerners prefer to start negotiations straight away after basic greetings and introductions. Rule how to be successful in dealing with ChineseBe fair, reasonable and diplomatic If your Chinese counterpart believes that you are being unreasonable, they whitethorn not openly say so, but your negotiations are likely to stall and go nowher e. If you disagree with your counterpart, dont simply reject their position out of hand, but carefully explain your reasoning. 6 6 Forbes by Jack Perkowski (Negotiating in China 10 rules for Success 11 QUESTIONING INTERRUPTING Weve had several encounters with many customers throughout the years, but what makes the Chinese customers outstanding is their mode of questioning.Unlike our African customers, they tend to interrupt and chip in their questions whiles you are talking. In some cultures, this might seem naive and impolite but this is not so for Chinese. They are very cooperative, assertive and defensive. This encourages and makes the one talking feel hes being listened to. This normally generates arbitrary feedback. During one of the interviews conducted, it came to our realization that, the typical or traditional Chinese interrupts more than the Chinese who has been open to Western culture.Customers who deal with Westerners or Africans have adjusted to some of their negotia tion skill. This we believe will go a long way to influence most Chinese business partners. Their character or attitude of quest and asking questions is different from other people in the sense that Chinese exhibits a character of Xenophobia which is a distrust of all things foreign to ones own culture. Xenophile is a lust to obtain all things new and or foreign. The Chinese have become inclined to distrust anything and everyone from foreign lands due to their accounting of violent revolutions and government seizures and changes.On the other hand, they have also seen the new technologies and high standard of living in the West, and many Chinese struggle with these complex feelings as they pursue business opportunities with foreigners and seek to acquire western technologies (Pye, 1992) 12 COLLECTIVISM Under collectivism, the means of production are owned and controlled by the state or the people as a whole. Also, it describes any outlook or philosophy that stresses the interactiv ity between people. It is very much consider as opposite of individualism.There are two basic types of collectivism horizontal and vertical. In the horizontal type, members are considered to be as equal as possible, and share resources and responsibilities. The vertical include a social hierarchy that society member work to maintain, and people submit to those above them in the hierarchy. Collectivism in China When Mao Ze Dong came into cause he strengthens the collectivism by eliminating landowners and individualists, sending nearly everyone to work in collectivist communities.Therefore, China has been more collectivist than individualist in both ancient and modern history. Many research states that, there are many leaders in China today who believe that the days of collectivism in China will soon be gone. There are several reasons for this. First is that the one-child-policy, especially in the cities, it gives us many younger citizens who have been raised to believe that they ho ld a special place in the world. This kind of upbringing leads to individualism over collectivism.In business point, there are still many examples of collectivist thinking. For example, When we(foreigner) and Chinese, began to work together, mainly the Chinese look towards the team as 13 the reason for the company success, but on the other hand, the foreigner(us) were trying to come out individual high performers. Thats one of the different between Chinese and foreign culture. Collectivism between our culture (as a foreigner) and Chinese Collectivism is a cultural pattern found especially in East Asia, Latin America, and Africa.But nowadays societies are not purely individualist or collectivist, but some of them are the mixture of the two. Western and Northern Europe, USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand are individualist. Conclusion Although there are few countries fully apply in collectivism, like North Korea, most of the countries are applying the mixture of collectivism and individualism. Those countries practicing collectivism mainly have a low GDP level, because it affects trade with the other countries. 14 THE kindred BETWEEN SPECIFICATION OF TIME AND PRICE.The important aspects when we negotiate with Chinese Patience is the most important qualification for successful negotiations with the Chinese. Negotiations in China often take time because of different departments within one organization tend to be involved in negotiation processes and decision-making within the Chinese bureaucracy often takes time. By Confucianism, Chinese will not rush into any serious meetings with someone whom they do not know trust and a certain feeling of closeness. Here is the example of Chinese negotate style we found.It prove that, to negotiate a favourite price with Chinese, obviously we need time. 1. Dont expose too much of your interest in a product you want to buy even though youre really drawn to it. It is better to act like that it does not matter to you and you dont have to have it. Sometimes the sales person would tell you if he or she can judge from your facial typeface that you really want that item. 2. In the first time you will never get the exact item for the price. Usually the sales person would try to take a shit you by offering an unfavorable price.For example, for a necklace placed at $100, if you ask the sales person for deduction, perhaps for the first time she would give you a discount like $90. Dont take it. Just think that it is too high and walk away. Sometimes the sales person would shout at your back and offer much more favorable discounts. 15 3. The second negotiation is to reach a middle point. Try to get 45-60% discount of the original price. If it is impossible, try to get somewhere around 70-85%. Try to negotiate in a friendly way. If the agreement cannot be reached, walk away again.4. The final negotiation will be the last attempt. Be firm and try to get 40% off. Some might finally give you 40% off, while some ca nt due to different price strategies involved and store renting fees, staff cost, etc. To compare with our culture(as a foreigner), in our country, all the goods had set their obstinate selling price, and most of the company usually have their own rule for market selling, therefore the vacuum for price negotiate will be less. 16 LANGUAGE BARRIER Our group members come from Nepal, Ghana, Tanzania, and Hong Kong.We speak different languages. English is our second language. We often face with language barrier within and outside the group. . expression barrier often is a big problem. If this was an outsourcing job or transcription work, language would probably have a major role, as both beg clear understanding of the accents, practice of speaking in a fluent way. Cause of language barrier 1. Emails written communication we should be able to clearly understand written instructions and reply with clear and also follow rules in a polite way.Sometimes we often wrote a business mail in a friendly tone, instead we should write in a formal way. 2. Phone Calls While working with an outsourcing partner, providing a phone number for emergencies may seem to be a good idea. However if this phone number happens to be attended by a non-English speaking person, it will serve zipper but a source of irritation. So we can think of giving the mobile number of a representative who can speak with clear and sedulousness even if the resolution is not attained on the call in itself. 17 Useful method between different language.Pictogram and simple image are useful method as icon or sign for almost every place. It means they are efficient to give information to people without any words. They have high possibility to support the communication between two people without spoken language. Conclusion We need to use English to communicate with each other, when we were going to Nanhai to take the video, sometimes we need to use Chinese to communicate with the local Chinese people. When pe ople from different countries speak in different languages, we often face difficulties an understanding each other.We cannot express our meaning in a proper way. During our research, when we took the train, there was problem in translating Chinese characters. So it is quite hard for us to find the way to the shoe factory. In addition, the English level of a local Chinese are mainly still in low level, some of them even cannot understand what we are asking. I think it is what we are called language barriers. 18 Chapter 4 TIPS TO NEGOTIATE WITH CHINESE The intensive research negotiation we conducted at Yuehai Shoes Materials factory widened up our knowledge about Chinese negotiation.We believe through this report you have acquired some usefully tips on how to strategically negotiate with Chinese. Upon what you have learned here are our recommendations for you to conquer any negotiation ? Be prepared Make sure you are well prepared. ? get wind the cultural differences. Get to know the other culture. ? Dont be afraid of negotiation if you can talk you can negotiate. ? Show some emotions (share some burden)remember, people value them. ? Be on time.. time is money. ? Be careful use appropriate language. ? Be in control dont allow other things to distract your focus.? Give some room for the other party (compromise whenever necessary). ? Show some vivid example a picture is worth a thousand words. 19 CONCLUSION Deal is always better that no deal. 7 As hard as negotiation may seem to be, its outcomes are almost always worth the endurance. In different cultures where there are different goals, different point of views, different interests, different values and beliefs, different needs and different decision making styles it takes a considerably huge amount of effort for sellers and buyers to reach the agreement zone.Both parties must be willing to give up part of their wish or lower their requirements which do not happen easily. With better understanding of both cultur es of the parties involved, the negotiation will yield more significance solutions. One should keep in mind that negotiation is the cornerstone of any successfully business in the world. Despite the difficulties involved in the strategic negotiation, lets us follow the words of one of our great fathers who once said, Lets never negotiate out of veneration, but lets us never fear to negotiate. 8 7 Professor Shia Yun Chiang class PowerPoint presentation 8a.

Interviewing Techniques Essay Example for Free

Intervie flank Techniques EssayExperiments can be set up for psychologists to obtain information to observe what people do beneath different circumstances they also use observation techniques to record segments of behaviour in more or less natural circumstances. We have often asked ourselves, wherefore dont psychologists ask people directly about themselves? we have encountered this technique as part of the overall participant observation regularity. However there be umteen ways the psychological researcher asks questions.In this essay I will be concentrating on studies where the gathering of information through direct questioning is the particular research source, this is usually done face to face but often by telephone or email. Face to face interviews range in a style across the series of organize from fixed to open-ended questions. Answers to open-ended questions atomic number 18 put into categories such as left wing/right wing for political questions or they are r ated on a scale from one to ten.In less structured interviews response analysis is a long, complicated and interpretive process. call into questions such as the informal interview has an overall data aim, here the indirect approach is used were the researcher involved displays no authority, listens patiently, gives no advice or argument and only asks questions when necessary. In the relaxed atmosphere of the informal interview respondents can talk on their own terms and are not constrained by fixed answer questions. However this produces rather narrow information.The semi-structured interview is similar to the informal interview whereas preset questions were not asked at the same order or time but the researcher is provided with an outline of topics to be covered and questions to be asked. The semi-structured approach is very common and tends to be the choice in much soft work. The advantages of this method are that there is a natural conversation flow and respondents are free to explore other avenues of thought. These are finely balanced against the disadvantages from the positivists dapple of view there is a weak reliability or comparison across respondents.Interviews can also be a standardised procedure, this can be known as the structured but open-ended method. Here the researcher gives preset questions in a predetermined order to each of the respondents, this keeps the multiplicity of interpersonal variables to a minimum and ensures greater consistency in the data collected. However the respondents are still free to answer the questions in any way. The fully structured interview also has preset and ordered questions but here there is also a fixed answer to each question.This is usually a personal technique but occasionally can be conducted by telephone or post, however this may reduce bias even further. The structured method is usually in use when you are stopped in the street as part of a survey. Responses are counted and analysed numerically. Many r esearchers who argue that structured approaches block little time for normal conversation would reject these last two methods. Semi- structured and lesser approaches on the other hand allow the respondents the opportunity to exhibit what they have to say. (Smith 1996).Another method of research is the Focus group interview this usually consists of a group of 8 people on a specialized topic. However, the focus group is not a discussion, a problem solving session or a decision making group, it is an interview. Merton et al (1956) wrote The Focus Interview a classic in this area. Using the focus group method is an efficient technique of qualitative data collection and it is also very timesaving, whereas a group is interviewed rather than an individual. However facilitating a group requires group skills and as with any group power struggles will be played out.To conduct a successful interview the researcher must set a Purpose Statement which should include the questions for the inter view, who and what the information is for and how it will be used. According to Patton (1990) there are six main questions, experience, knowledge, feelings, opinions, behaviour and sensory, whereas Turner (1982) stated that the setting is pivotal to the whole work, and rests to some extent of the knowledge of the researcher. Questions should be worded correctly, you should begin with a end statement, never ask why questions, use probing questions and use the interviewees language.Things can also go wrong, so the researcher must be prepared. Interviewers have 3 common choices for the saving of data note taking, audiotape or video recordings. Throughout this essay I have examined many methods of interview techniques and explained the advantages and disadvantages of each. Semi- structured and informal methods are very similar in style, were there is a relaxed atmosphere for the participating respondents and they are both efficient for data collection. The structured approach, whether it be face-to-face, postal or by telephone seem to be less time consuming but validity and reliability are weak.

Introduction To Aircraft Manufacturing Industry Marketing Essay

Introduction To Aircraft Manuf flirturing Industry Marketing EssayThe Aircraft Industry is a duopoly assiduity comprising of Airbus (EU) and Boeing (US). If at that get be to be viewed from political consensus they argon two-party political system. Anthony Downs proposed a classic model in the political science that suits the situation in the sodding(a) bearing. His proposal reversed the conservative connection surrounded by party ideologies and elections. He said that instead of parties achieving victory in the elections on the basis of the appropriateness of their agenda, his findings put across elections pre-eminence, with insinuation that all accomplishments taken by the party are aimed at maximising votes. According to Downes, both parties gist try to resemble each(prenominal) otherwise as lots as possible. Both parties will keep their policies modestly different from each other. Also majority of voters only want to see mild alterations in government functionality . The Market of large and mid size notecrafts works on the same ideology. on that point is an immense consensus among market players to what an attractive convergence comprises, that is, an economically efficient and safe aircraft. still there are in like manner close to interest factions that have wagered in product design, just as there are much potential groups indoors a democratic system(Ibsen n.d.).The Government of the United States and its Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) are considered to be influential as they olfactory sensation upon the largest air transport market in the realness. Regulations laid by the European and United states government will prove to be a major driveway force for orders of parvenue aircraft in the coming years. In the similar way, the deregulation of European airways, which begun in 1990s, promises to expand the markets for smaller regional jets(Ibsen n.d.). Trade of large technical message jetliners has been tariff free under the contract of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).The high degree of political intervention has effect on the leverage of aircraft. The decision of buyers to buy which aircraft depends on the political reasons because the support and interference from the government could effect the future of buyers. For Example, presently Boeings biggest market is China and is estimated to be for next xx years. As a result Chinas purchase of boeing aircrafts has led to lot of political influence in the United States(Ibsen n.d.).ECONOMIC FACTORSAir traffic in US and UK is likely to increase as they have just recovered from the recession. The commercial aircraft is estimated to rise worth US$ 2 one thousand million in the coming 20 years, which will result into need of 16,600 refreshed aircrafts (estimated). The largest shoot is evaluate to come from respiratory tracts from China, US and India. Huge amount of product is expected from the Middle East countries. It is expected that C hina alone will need 2,200 new aircrafts to meet its conk out needs. Also, international freight sector is estimated to grow by 253% in the next twenty years (Irwin Pavcnik n.d.).China being the biggest emerging market and considering its population size, the process in air passengers is likely to shoot up which would result in increase pauperization for new aircrafts (The Economist n.d.).High Oil prices towering oil prices have elevated the operating rile up of airlines. In the year 2007, the worldwide airline industry had to pay 136 billion US dollars for dismisss, its a 300% increase compared to what they had to pay in 2003. Even in 2008, when crude oil prices fell dramatically, it slake accounted for 32% of the operating expenses.Global GDP- the primary factors in determining the quest of aircraft and growth in the industry is the GDP, which is expected to grow by 3.2% by 2030The world(a) recession The recession which impelled a theatrical drop in load factors in the m iddle of 2008. In response, airlines have been putting aircrafts out of suffice and rethinking plans to order replacement for the existing aircrafts. In the third quarter of 2008 24 airlines went bankrupt. The loses during this period were estimated about 4-8 billion US dollars.The credit cranch The credit crunch in combination with the above mentioned factors, has made it hard to purchase new aircrafts, airlines are finding difficulties to finance new aircrafts. Despite of the credit crunch, orders for craft and commercial jets have seen increase at the beginning of 2008, but the credit crises has resulted in delays and deferrals and failure to take delivery of many aircrafts(Captain n.d.).SOCIAL FACTORSRecent converts in association have led to increase in air travel.Also changes in life style of people and the viewpoint of air journey being a feasible option.Demand of air travel is driven by convenience. However, the trend is changing as the consumers travel decisions is pr imarily found on price. Rising cost and competition produced by low-cost carriers is affecting majority of Airlines. Business travels, erst a stable of income, now is a conduct by corporate travel guidelines. As a consequence, airlines are combining their networks to utilize economies of scale, minimize environmental impact and offer smaller markets with new and improved services.The noise generated and CO2 dismission contiguous the airport is also a thing of higher charge as people living near the airport are pressurizing authorities to change their operating style(Ferreri n.d.).TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORSIn the commercial melodic line industry, there are huge amount of costs connected with Research and festering for the development of a new aircraft. European Union governments sustain European engineering science R D sector, just as the united states government does, though FAA, NASA, Department of refutation (DOD) and programs that reliefs export tax (Colantonio n.d.). Though United states has three whiles more support than the European union.The Aircraft industry is very demanding with very high quantity of measure and money dedicated to innovations and RD.Now a days carbon fiber is used for the construction of an Aircraft body. (example A350 XWB with 50% carbon fiber body)Concentration on development on making more fuel efficient engines for weeklong ranges (Szodruch et al. n.d.).Use of alternative sources of fuel to counteract raising oil pricesThe development of supersonic aircraft is also a chance because it will go by to creation of whole new market segment. Commercial carriers will buy these aircrafts to meet customers demand of reaching the finishing quickly and on beat.The largest and cost efficient advancement for commercial aircraft industry is the faster designing of planes. The augmented manufacturing time will save aircrafts manufacturers time on labor and help them to better utilize resources. For Example Boeing 777 used computer to design a prototype, this saved them the cost of kinding a real prototype(Szodruch et al. n.d.).In todays competitive world, robots are also considered an effective tool for the manufacturing of aircraft.LEGAL FACTORS there are many restrictions when it comes to entering the market but due to world-wideisation muckle have changed and also due to US open skies agreement. Open skies agreement has led to smooth flow of national and international flights in and out of US, promoting tours and business activities, up(p) productivity and creation of job opportunities and economic growth (BBC n.d.).United states open skies policy has been proved very effective in airline globalization. It enabled the airline carriers limitless admittance in the partners market and right to go to all middle and beyond points. This agreement has offered the most operational flexibility for airline coalitions. This agreement has been successful in achieving over hundred partners from every part of the worl d and every level of economic growth (BBC n.d.).Also there is IATA (International Air send off Association). Its aim is to provide assistance to airlines to decrease complexity of their process and increase passenger convenience, decreasing costs and develop efficiency. The pioneering simplifying the business scheme is vital in this area. Moreover, IATAs primary priority is safety and its aims to continuously improve safety standards via IATAs Operational safety audit (IOSA)(Rothman Roth nearly n.d.).The Boeing keep go with and government have long complained that Airbus has ignored the 1992 isobilateral agreement, which is one of the key agreement, which says that launch aid will be available to Airbus till its in the level of its competitor Boeing, but that is no longer the issue with Airbus having 52% of the market share. The US government says that the aid given to Airbus is illegal under the WTO agreement and had also asked for litigation. The case is solved and US won th e affair and Airbus was penalised and WTO promised to restore fair trade in the industry (EU Business n.d.).Major regulatory bodies such as EPA, FAA have a major impact on the industry as they decide on the laws and regulations that various suppliers, producers and operators have to stack with. The impact is substantial as they are capable of creating major obstacles in the final exam approval of aircrafts (Barriage n.d.)(Clarke n.d.).ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSEnvironment factors generally include ecological aspect of climate and weather change, which in turn can influence industries such as insurance, tourism and farming. Today, there is an awareness of climate change in the minds of people, which is becoming a deciding factor on how companies function and what are their offerings, because it can lead to formation of a new market or destruction of the present market.ACARE is an European group of airports, eurocontrol, airlines, manufacturers, universities and members of EU and EU comm ission. Its primary challenges are safety, reasonable, fictional character, environment and security. almost of their objectives are to reduce air accidents to 80%, 15 minute less wait time on airports for little distance destinations and 50% less time needed to market. One of most popular intention of ACARE was to reduce specific CO2 discharge by 50%, the discharge of NOx by 80%, and to decrease the exterior noise of fixed wing aircraft by 10 db per operation. For example- Boeing is a major element of the commercial aura industry. It is executing some new plans to improve its aircrafts environmental performance. Compared to present It also claims that it will reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 25% by 2020(Szodruch et al. n.d.).The purpose of ACARE clearly reflects the demand of society, especially in the area of security and stability of environment. Also, their purpose reflect the requirements of aircraft operators, which are major driver for innovation in technology.The A CARE objectives reflect requirements which are demanded by society, particularly in the areas of environmental compatibility and security. On the other hand, the ACARE objectives also reflect the needs of aircraft operators, which are an important driver for technological improvement. On the other hand, the raise mash from society regarding emissions, noise around airports is affecting airline operations(Szodruch et al. n.d.).In addition, with increasing pressure from society as a whole, as well as from local communities around airports, noise and local emissions have an impact on airline operations(Clarke n.d.).CONCLUSIONCommercial Aviation Industry is optimistically connected to the world economy. As a result, with the continuous growth of world economy, this industry is also presenting signs of swift growth. Airbus and Boeing forecasted immense growth in the future and adjusting their strategies accordingly. Boeing and Airbus create a duopoly in the market. However they still f ace competition from small companies located in Russia. Also China is entering the market with its first home made commercial jetliner COMAC C919 coming in 2012. This sector is heavily dependent on outsourcing and external factors. Their operations are carried out around the world so multiple trade policies of different countries affect their strategies. Rising oil prices is a serious problem for the industry airlines are forced to shut down their old planes because of increased fuel consumption. After the PESTEL analysis, it can clearly be concluded that the biggest challenges are expected to come from economic, legal and environmental factors in the near future.PART BAIRBUS future FORECASTAccording to Airbus latest Worldwide market forecast, there will be a delivery of 25,000 new freighter and passenger aircrafts between 2009 to 2028, which are expected to be worth US$ 3.1 Trillion.Rising economies, developing airline networks, extension of low cost airlines and increasing numbe r of big cities as well as growth in traffic and also the also the orders to replace new aircrafts with the new ones which are more efficient are creating more demand for the aircrafts.In 2009, there was a downfall in Revenue Passenger Kilometres (RPKs) by 2%, it is expected to rise to 4.6% in 2010.The forecast also estimates that in next twenty years, passenger traffic RPKs will show resiliency to the repeated effects of the sector and raise itself by 4.7% per year or fork-like in the coming fifteen years. This will only happen if demand rises to 24,100 new aircrafts of value US$2.9 trillion. When the old 10,000 aircrafts will be replaced with the new ones, the global aircraft fleet of hundred seating or more will twofold from some 14,000 today.According to the forecast, airfreight tonne kilometres (FTKs) are expected to increase annually by 5.2%. Pooled with fleet renewal, this will lead to requirement of 3,440 new freighters. More than 850 of these are new, which are expected to cherished more than 210 billion dollar, with the remainder converted from passenger aircraft.Economics of Oxford predicts that in the next twenty years, this industry will directly employ 8.5 million people and will add US$ 1 trillion to the world GDP. Other indirect advantage and tourism are even bigger.The biggest demand will come from the Asia pacific and the emerging economies. They are China and India (31%), followed by Europe (23%). Also in terms of domestic market China (10%) and India (7.9%) will be the fastest growing in the next twenty years. But the US will retain its title of being the biggest domestic network.Not very surprising, Airbus also predicts requirements for Very Large Aircraft (VLA) which can accommodate more than four hundred passengers like the A380, at above 1,700. About 19 percent by value of passenger and freight deliveries, or seven percent aircraft units are valued at over US $570 billion. Out of these, 1,318 will be used to link the mega cities of t he world, which are continuously increasing in numbers. This implies greater increase in air traffic. Also more than half of the VLA will be operational in Asia-pacific.In the segment of twin gangplank aircraft which can accommodate 250 to four hundred passengers, forecast states that there will be a need of 6,250 new aircrafts in the next twenty years, expected to be valued at US$ 1,300 billion, or 25% by units, 42% by value. Out of these 6,250, 4,240 will be small twin gangboard (250-300 sitting capacity) and about 2,010 will be twin aisles (350-400). Such sections include members of A330/A340 family. It is also expected that from 2013, A350 XWB will replace the whole twin aisle market requirements.According to the forecast, in the single aisle section, aircrafts worth US$ 1,200 billion or 68% by units, 39% by value will be distributed in the next twenty years. There is comparatively an increase in forecast compared to previous ones due to arrival of low-cost transporters and li beralization in route and increasing requirement of single aisle aircraft in Asia pacific(Leahy)(Airbus n.d.).BOEING FUTURE FORECASTGlobal economic activity revealed that gross domestic product (GDP), is the most powerful driver of development in commercial aircraft and airlines industry and also affects demands of aircraft. The worldwide GDP is anticipated to rise at an average of 3.2% on a yearly basis for the next twenty years. divine revelation on the economic growth, global traveller traffic will rise average 5.3% and cargo traffic to 5.9% over the forecasted period. The traveller and cargo traffic growth rates are comparatively higher than prior years due to fall in air traffic. After calculating the twenty year growth rate on the basis of lower base year results into a higher growth rate. If the low starting point is neglected, it is estimated that traveller traffic will increase to a rate of 4.9 percent and the cargo traffic will also increase to 5.4 percent each year. To me et the current demand of business-related aviation services, the number of aircrafts needed worldwide will increase at an annual rate of 3.2%, doubling-up from 19,000 aircrafts present today to a total of 36,000 aircrafts in 2029. Also planing machine deliveries for the purpose of substituting old planes and growth of fleet will total 30,900 over the next twenty years of value US$ 3.6 trillion.Diverse demand for air services Air travel around the world continues to change in response to challenges and opportunities. unseasoned airline Business models and energetic growth of air travel in the emerging countries are expanding the demand of airplanes. Despite the downfall in travel in 2009, there were still several business models and markets that experience growth. In the next twenty years, seventy seven percent of the demand of new aircrafts will arise from outside of north America, with 34% dismission to Asiatic region. According to the Boeing forecast the biggest demand form m arket value point of view will come from United States, followed by china. Amazingly, the United Arab Emirates, with less than tailfin million population, is home to numerous highly competitive airlines, is expected to be the third biggest market by value (Boeing n.d.).AIRBUS COMPANY PROFILE AND STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTEDAirbus is an aircraft manufacturing telephoner based on France, Toulouse, is presently the worlds largest commercial aircraft manufacturer with 52% of the market share in the European market, and has been involved in an intense competition with Boeing since 1970. Airbus is a supplementary of European Aeronautic defence and aloofness space company (EADS). In 2001, Airbus officially became a solo company, BAE and EADS relocated their assets to newly formed company and became stakeholders of 20% and 80% respectively. A shareholder committee that contains seven members and work as an administrative council, 5 members from EADS and 2 members from BAE administer airbus, th ey approve the investment and make up three year investment plan.In the May month of 1974, Airbus successfully made its first delivery, it was an A300B2, to an air operator in FranceAirbus has been restructured into centres of excellence and each centre is managing its own policy of buy and make accordingly, making decision to subcontract trying to find out whether they can lower cost, which is the only way to continue profitability.Airbus has also adapted differentiation strategy for its pith activities since it rolled out its first wide bodied twin aircraft which differentiates it from its competitors (UscubaComission n.d.).Airbus follows an expansion strategy by proving itself expert in the industry and put it in use in the military program A400M program. Airbus has started research on the new engine option (NEO) that could result into reductions of operating costs. Boeing plans to offer a new aircraft in 2020 followed by 737NG in 2011.The company make use of only prime and pro perly tested technology to chose its suppliers to assure quality. The company used synergies between its aircrafts, which leads to shorter training time between engineers and pilots, leading to savings in maintenance processes and reduction in spare move inventory. This leads to monetary gains and competitive advantage for them(Goold n.d.).Airbus functions on the thinking of foreseeing and listening properly to their customers and employees in building more fuel efficient, less noisy and comfortable aircrafts. Airbus operates on the principles of thinking ahead and listening to their customers, passengers, and employees in building constantly more comfortable and efficient aircrafts. Also Airbus corporate culture and diversity is competitive advantage for the company (Composed n.d.).The increment in oil prices and journey cost may interfere in the low cost offerings by Airbus, which may put pressure on the firm to switch to more fuel efficient engines(Chapman n.d.).BOEING COMPANY P ROFILE AND STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTEDTill now, Boeing has been conventional leader in the global aviation industry, with Airbus lying behind. Nevertheless, in the last few years Airbus has been ahead Boeing repeatedly because of the large number of orders its been receiving and surpassing its deliveries in 2003.Boeing is the key producer of commercial airplanes and the for the first time aerospace firm and offer connected support services. Boeing is currently the worlds biggest producer of large commercial aircrafts (LCAs)(Composed n.d.).Boeing has been keeping up with its objective of giving its customer eco friendly products. Boeing has been vulturous in taking over, expanding and putting into practice new technological solutions for reducing aircraft noise, and also maintaining operational effectiveness and customer satisfaction of its products in parallel.The Boeing capital hatful also invests in commercial apparatus and private airplanes.The Boeing is also involved in design, gr owth, sale, production as well support of industrial jetliners, rocket defence, satellites, space flight of human and launch services and systems.Boeing is one out of the two main producers of 100 plus seat aircrafts for the global commercial airline industry and the second biggest defence constrictor in the United States.Boeings major operations are carried out in the United States of America. They depend heavily on their chain of suppliers, subcontractors and partners which are situated around the globe(Arkell n.d.).Boeing has injected huge amount of capital in the construction of new facilities, equipments to carry out their tests, and to improvise on their noise control and aero-acoustics research. There are also several research project that focus on applying the new technology and implementing it to the production. Most of the important research projects are employed to deal with cost, maintenance, production and cross functional design and problems coming in the adaptation of new technology.NASA Boeing is also a NASA contractor who has worked vigorously in the operations conducted by it and so that it can gain access into new technologies in the field of aerospace. Boeing also has its full database linked with the NASA. Boeing has been involved with NASA for quite a long time regarding noise problem in commercial planes. This also enables the firm to have a very strong RD department.Boeing has made a decision to market in a different way by turning their focus on small and mid-size aircrafts to increase flexibility between airline operations and to cover longer distances. They focus not on increased capacity but to cover longer distances, this differentiates them. This will enable airlines to provide much convenience to travellers, at much less operational costs, leading to combination of lower rates for travellers and profit for airlines.Their potential success which they foresee is based on three of strategies of running core business values in a hea lthy way, using strength into new products and opening up new limits (Horton McKay n.d.).Their potential success which they foresee is based on three of strategies of running core business values in a healthy way, using strength into new products and opening up new limits.SWOT ANALYSIS OF BOEINGThis segment analysis the strengths if Boeing, they will use the strength to meet the upcoming future demand to gain competitive edge.Strength customer happiness The project named My Boeing fleet has implemented web service and XML technology to improvise operations, reduce general work errors and decrease costs.Enhanced Customer Satisfaction Boeing uses the latest IT technology to execute tasks from their work locations. They improve their time spent in meeting to learn new things every time they undergo training. These action lead to rise in productivity.High performing employees Boeing endeavours to be improve quality continuously and with the help of its workforce benefit programme and maintaining balance between work/life culture. Also, Boeing also recognizes that its competence lies with its employees.Well Developed Organization Boeing has several dedicated project teams and subsidiaries to give a hand in improving overall companys performance. For example, Aero-info is a subsidiary of Boeing focused on providing aircraft maintenance solutions.New Facility Supply With the numerous increments in commercial communication satellites, Boeing has decided to build a new construction factory in Alabama and Decatur for the production of newest generation of missiles used to push the satellites into space.impuissanceRecent suspension of Boeing from the military contracts and re-assignation of those contracts to Lockheed martin, this occurred to respectable lapses.Columbia Shuttle Tragedy The name of Boeing suffers drawback every time the tragedy is re-called because Boeing is a very special part of United Space Alliance.Ongoing leaning linking ex-CFO and ex-CEO This ha ppened due to hiring of a military regulator while negotiating an important contract.Change of Aircraft Supporting Boeing has decided to fold up the production of Boeing 757, while Boeing 717 and 767 are on lifeline. This could have a bad effect on consumers confidence and interests.OpportunitiesGovernment Support Boeing is the biggest exporter and second biggest weapons manufacturer in the US and primary contractor in many the countries missile programs, it can gain government support anytime they want.Expected deal from Boeing 7E7 contracts The program has already started and it has also received orders from All Nippon Airways and also from airlines from New Zealand and Australia. They expect sales of around 500 at the end of the year.ThreatsAggressive competition Boeing is in the middle of a fierce competition, especially from the field of LCAs. It was once leader in LCA but now its on a very close competition with Airbus, which is the leader in producing commercial aircrafts.For eign Barriers The growing concern for Boeing is the foreign government involvement in the production of LCA. A term suited to this situation is called Regulatory Nationalism. This can result into refusal of US made aircrafts in some countries(Campbell et al. n.d.).SWOT ANALYSIS OF AIRBUSStrengthDiversity in employees Airbus has been very conscious about its employees, it believes in keeping diversity in their employees.Ingenuity The courtesy of Airbus company has enabled it to survive for the last three decades. Since its commencement in the 1970, the has risen to be the leader surpassing its main competitor Boeing in 2005.Freezing of keep parts Airbus freezes the price of its spare parts for three years. For example, the prices of spare parts in 2009 were same as in 2006. This practice has gained them lot of customer support.WeaknessThe A380 The Airbus company invested almost everything in the A380. Even after that it faced delays in the delivery of A380. This lead to a lot of st ir with its parent company EADS, so much that its management was changed in 2006. Airbus also made huge amount of cuts by reducing its suppliers from 3000 to 500, resulting into saving of US$ 2 billion and cut administrative costs by US$ 446 million. These steps were taken to accommodate growing needs with the launch of A350. When A380 production was delayed for two years, the parent company EADS reportedly lost US$ 6 billion dollars. After shocks came when FedEx world largest express transportation company, cancelled its ten orders for the double decker and ordered 15 Boeing 777 in place of that.Also one of the major weakness of Airbus is that it has low RD investment compared to its competitor Boeing which can prove harmful in a long run.OpportunitiesAirbus is continuously going on a green path. This is a very auspicious position for any company who intends to be in forefront of Greening technology. Development of new aircrafts that significantly lower the carbon footprint on the environment is an opportunity no company would pass. Today, people are concerned about the environment and this act by airbus will gain a lot of public support. Airbus plans on being the industry pioneers when it comes to keep the environment clean. All of its manufacturing sites are kept within the environment standard, all ISO14001 certified.ThreatsLegal actions are inherited in this industry and no one is immune from it. For example, Air France sued the company for the crash occurred in 1992 near Strasbourg.A major finance risk is also there when there are exchange rate clashes. A major part of the revenues of EADS are generated in US dollars and most of its cost incurred are in euro, this can seriously affect profits (Weidner et al. n.d.).ConclusionAirbus strategies are to the point, provide every variety of product available to meet the different requirements of the customers with the latest technology, also maintaining low cost of operations and maintenance expenditure. Airbus implements mixed type of strategies on different types of its products, it follows differentiation strategy on commercial airplane segments for different needs of customers and invent units to operate at lower costs.Boeing has a very strong Research and Development network, the company uses its innovative technology to gain competitive advantage. They know that they are lagging behind airbus but they put high amount of work to improvise the quality of their products. They are going in a different direction by catering to different set of customers. Both Airbus and Boeing cater to different kind of customers. Airbus makes bigger jets and Boeing makes smaller jets. Boeing needs to overcome the situation and regain their position in the market.

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Vegetables

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and VegetablesAbstractThe present mull over was carried out to assess heavy metals Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), copper (Cu), surface (Zn), Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni) directs in vegetables like Caulif dismantle (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Carrot (Daucus carota), Brinjal (Solanum me extensiveena), Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Radish (Raphanus sativus) irrigated with domestic help waste piss. The vegetable samples were helter-skelter put in from the farmlands irrigated with domestic wastewater around the Hisar district. Spinach, elevate, carrot, brinjal and carrot accumulated highschooler Cd (1.300.31), Pb (4.230.32 mg kg-1), Cu (1.420.25 mg kg-1), Zn (3.40.28 mg kg-1), Cr (1.160.11 mg kg-1) and Ni (2.450.86 mg kg-1) evaluateively. Transfer Factor (TF) of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni be more in spinach (0.0306), airlift (0.4448), spinach (0.2642), cauliflower (0.2494), carrot (0.0764) and spinach (0.7 469) respectively. The health risk assessment has been calculated followed by Estimated Daily consumption Metal (EDIM) and Estimated healthfulness take a chance Index (EHRI). The present subject highlights that both adults and children down vegetables braggart(a) in wastewater irrigated disfigurements accumulate significant add together of these metals. However, the determine of these metals were lesser than recommended maximum adequate levels proposed by the FAO/WHO (1999).Keywords Daily consumption, Heavy metals, Plant uptake, Risk Assessment, Reference dose, EDIM, EHRIIntroductionIndian economy is based on agriculture and having second largest population in the world. Most of its states ar depends on the monsoon. There atomic number 18 two main sources for irrigation. First one is canal and second is ground water but the quality of ground water is so poor for the long sustainability of agriculture system. This water is not adequate to fulfill the crop water requirem ent and ingests additional extra water for agricultural purposes. To cater the need of the present demand for irrigation, use of municipal domestic wastewater, is becoming a common practice in urban areas of Haryana, India. This shake ups serious problems of salinity and ultimately reducing in agriculture production (Marshall et al., 2007, Singh et al., 2010). The large amounts of untreated industrial and domestic wastewater are used for year round irrigation of vegetables. Such waste water usually contains heavy metals that accumulate in the crud. The use of such untreated wastewater has been reported to cause contaminations of the food chain (Wang et al., 2004 Mapanda et al., 2005).Some trace amount of heavy metals such as Zn and Cu are essential for the growth of organisms while others such as Cd and Pb are harmful (McBride, 1994, Kabata-Pendias and Mukherjee, 2007). Dietary uptake pathway could be through crops irrigated with contaminated wastewater and have been reported to contain large amount of toxic heavy metals which whitethorn pack to health disorders in human beings depending on the uptake of these metals into plant and consumed by animals or humans (Bosso and Enzweiler, 2008 Fu et al., 2008 Lim et al., 2008 Agbenin et al., 2009). Consumption of metal contaminated vegetables may lead to a weakened immune system, intra-uterine growth retardation, impaired psycho-social behavior, high prevalence of upper gastrointestinal cancer and other disorders typically associated with malnutrition (Arora et al., 2008).Potential health risks to humans from consumption of vegetables can be due to heavy metal uptake from contaminated soils via plant roots as well as direct repository of contaminants from the atmosphere onto plant surfaces (McBride, 2003). A number of previous studies from developing countries have reported heavy metal contamination in wastewater and wastewater irrigated soil (Cao and Hu, 2000 Mapanda et al., 2005 Nyamangara and Mzezewa, 1999 Singh et al., 2004 Nan et al., 2002). Dietary use is the main route of image of heavy metals for most people (Tripathi et al., 1997). The information about heavy metal minginesss in disparate type of vegetables and their dietary intake is real important for assessing their risk to human health. Heavy metals in the nutrient cycle have seriously threatened health and environmental integrity, therefore, problem of heavy metal contamination in vegetables should be examine in details to develop central strategies. The objective of present study was bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables irrigated by domestic wastewater and assessment of health rick due to these heavy metals.Materials and methodsStudy area and takeAll samples were randomly collected from the farmlands irrigated with domestic wastewater around the three different locations such as Rishi Nager (L1), New Police Line (L2) and Ludass village (L3) of Hisar district of Haryana, India. Soil samples were collected a t the surface depth of 10cm using stainless steel spade sampling tools and plastic buckets to avoid any contamination of samples with traces of elements from the tools. At each(prenominal) sampling site, scrape away surface debris and submit a core sample to the appropriate depth. Soil samples were air dried, ground, passed through a 2mm sieve and stored in plastic bags for get along analysis. Five ground Water and seven wastewater samples were also collected from the each location. All samples were collected and stored and kept at 4oC for further analysis in polythene bags/canes according to their type and brought to the laboratory for metal quantification.Sample preparationAll the collected Vegetables were washed with double distilled water to remove airborne particles. The edible parts of the samples were weighed and soils samples were air-dried at room temperature, to reduce water content. All the samples were then oven-dried in a hot air oven at 705 oC for 24 h. Dried sample s were powdered using a pestle and mortar and sieved through muslin cloth.Digestion of the vegetable and soils samplesFor each vegetable, three powdered samples from each source of domestic wastewater irrigation (1.0 g each) were accurately weighed and placed in crucibles, three replicates for each sample. The soil and vegetable ash samples were digested with perchloric acerb and nitric acid (14) solution. The samples were left to cool and circumscribe were filtered through Whitman filter paper No. 40. Each sample solution was made up to a final pile of 50 ml with distilled water and concentration of heavy metals were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (ASS model AA6300, Shimadzu).Risk AssessmentTransfer Factor (TF)The transport element (TF) of Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni) from the soil to vegetables were calculated using below given over equation 1(Cui et al., 2004 Gupta, et al., 2010)(1)Estimated Daily Intake of Metal (EDIM)The Estimated insouciant oral intake of metals from soil through vegetables in mg was calculated by equation 2(2)Where Cm is heavy metals conc. in vegetable plants (mg/kg), CF is conversion agentive role, DI is daily intake of vegetables (kg/ soulfulness/day) and BAw is Average body weight (kg). The conversion promoter used to convert fresh parkland vegetable weight to dry weight was 0.085, as described by Rattan et al., 2005 Khan et al., 2008, Arora et al., 2008). The average daily vegetable intakes for adults and children were considered to be 0.250 and 0.150 kg/ person/day, respectively, while average body weights were taken as 55 and 25 kg of the age of 35 and 16 years respectively for adult and child.Estimated Health Risk Index (EHRI)Estimated health risk indicator (EHRI) is the ratio of estimated daily intake of metal (EDIM) to the reference dose (RD) is defined as the maximum tolerable daily intake of a specific metal that does not result in any harmful heal th effects. If the value of EHRI less than one than the overt population is said to be safe and if greater than one indicating that there is a potential risk associated with that metal (IRIS, 2003) was calculated by below given equation(3)Result and discussionMetal concentration level in water and soilThe quality of domestic wastewater and ground water (tube well) was assessed for irrigation with respect to their pH, EC, OC and some of the heavy metals. The pH of the sewage water in the range of 6.8-7.3 (7.030.07) was lower than the ground water as collected from the nearby area in the ranged of 7.2- 7.9 (7.60.12) while its salt content (EC) was in the ranged of 175.8-195.3 mS/m considerably higher than those of ground waters (148.9-158.6 mS/m). The concentration for heavy metal contents in domestic wastewater and in ground water samples shows that Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni (figure 1) are well within the limits permissible limit set by FAO (1985) and PFA (2000). In general, concent rations of heavy metals were higher side in domestic wastewater than in the ground waters (Tube Well) which could be toxic to some crops and human health. In the studied area, the concentration of all the heavy metals in water and domestic wastewater were found to be higher except Zn from the permissible limits of Indian meters (PFA, 2000) and (WHO/FAO, 2007).The total concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni) in soils sampled at the three different sites are presented in figure 2. The average pH of the location-I (7.04011), location-II (7.020.19) and location-III (7.00.03) soil are roughly nearly neutral. The electrical conductivity (EC) was 190.2-273.6 mS/m for location-I, 202.8-247.2 mS/m for location -II and 170-271.3 mS/m for location-III. The percent ingrained carbon contents in soil were higher due to constant domestic wastewater irrigation and ranged from 3.48-5.2% for location-I, 3.85-5.54% for location-II and 3-69-5.6% for location-III. As the sub soils were clayey the organic carbon was found to be in high percent. Soil organic carbon is the most important indicator of soil quality and in addition to acting as a store-house of the plant nutrients plays a major role in nutrient cycling (Rattan et al., 2005).Across the study area, wide ranges of soil heavy metal concentration were spy and are shown in figure 3. The observed concentration of heavy metal in ranged between 37.76-73.5 mg kg-1 for Cd, 2.74-22.44 mg kg-1 for Pb, 0.54-24.16 mg kg-1 for Cu, 0.96-12.44 mg kg-1 for Zn, 3.21-72.85 mg kg-1 for Cr, 1.37-6.47 mg kg-1 for Ni, and 249.3-773.4 mg kg-1 for Fe for location-I. For location-II, heavy metals ranged between 23.7-103.7 mg kg-1 for Cd, 5.67-30.99 mg kg-1 for Pb, 3.04-16.47 mg kg-1 for Cu, 3.16-9.16 mg kg-1 for Zn, 3.19-41.35 mg kg-1 for Cr and 4.68-13.77 mg kg-1 for Ni 6.31-66.61 mg kg-1 for Cd, 3.20-19.60 mg kg-1 for Pb, 1.35-11.81 mg kg-1 for Cu, 4.47-15.55 mg kg-1 for Zn, 1.38-3.54-46.64 mg kg-1 for Cr and 1.38-9.99 mg kg-1 for Ni for location-III. The domestic wastewater irrigated soil in all locations, the heavy metal (Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr) concentrations was not significantly and for Zn and Cr is significant at (PThe results have clearly assignd higher concentration of metals in soils which is contributed prolonged irrigation by sewage wastewater. If the same trend continues the concentrations of metals will accumulate in the soil. Relatively higher amounts of these heavy metal which attributes to the reduction in soil pH to moderately acidic conditions as well increase in organic carbon due to the continuous use of sewage effluents. This may be a cause of prime concern in near future. Long-term finish of domestic wastewater will result in increase in organic carbon and decrease in pH.Heavy metal accumulation in vegetablesThe concentrations of heavy metals in edible part of vegetables (Table 3 and figure 2) were investigated in vegetables which is commonly grown. The bioaccumulations of heavy m etals concentration in all the vegetables are different, so no similar trend have been observed for heavy metal concentration. The heavy metals bioaccumulation in cauliflower was Zn Pb Cu Ni Cd Cr, for cabbage was Pb Zn Cd Cr Cu Ni, for carrot was Zn Pb Ni Cu Cr Cd, for brinjal Zn Pb Cd Ni Cr Cu, for spinach was Zn Ni Pb Cd Cu Cr , a similar trend have also been observed by Pandey and Pandey (2009) and for radish Zn Ni Pb Cr Cu Cd.Cauliflower accumulated in the range of 0.15-0.27 mg kg-1 Cd, 0.14-0.34 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.7-1.75 mg kg-1 Cu, 2.9-5.9 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.10-0.35 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.01-0.60 mg kg-1 Ni, cabbage accumulated 0.30-1.20 mg kg-1 Cd, 3.37-5.37 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.06-1.10 mg kg-1 Cu, 0.74-4.90 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.06-1.23 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.01-0.34 mg kg-1 Ni, carrot accumulated 0.20-0.70 mg kg-1 Cd, 0.98-3.25 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.55-1.95 mg kg-1 Cu, 2.65-4.02 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.96-1.50 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.85-1.36 mg kg-1 Ni, brinjal accumulated 0.50-1.10 mg kg-1 Cd, 0.80-2.6 4 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.30-0.46 mg kg-1 Cu, 3.26-3.90 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.30-1.02 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.64-0.86 mg kg-1 Ni, spinach accumulated 0.7-1.88 mg kg-1 Cd, 1.26-3.8 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.90-1.45 mg kg-1Cu, 1.6-6.75 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.65-1.05 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.01-3.80 mg kg-1 Ni, and radish accumulated 0.22-0.38 mg kg-1 Cd, 0.64-1.24 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.19-1.30 mg kg-1 Cu, 0.56-2.70 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.76-1.25 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.21-2.40 mg kg-1 Ni.The range of Cd concentration in brinjal (0.50-1.10 mg kg-1) recorded in this study was lower than the range (1.10 9.20 g g-1) reported by Sharma et al. (2006). Vegetables (spinach and cabbage), range of Ni concentration was highest in spinach (0.01-3.80 mg kg-1). These values were lower than the range (5.55 15.00 g g-1) reported by Sharma et al., 2006 and Singh et al., 2010 in spinach from Dinapur area as well as the range (0.2 3.0 mg kg-1) in spinach from waste water irrigated areas of Hyderabad reported by Sridhara Chary et al. (2008). In cabbage concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and were lower during the present study as compared to those obtained by Sridhara Chary et al. (2008). The present concentration (mg kg-1) of 0.300.03 for Cd, 0.940.10 for Pb, 0.830.18 for Cu and 0.940.09 for Cr in radish were lower than the values obtained for radish collected from a suburban area of Zhengzhou city, Henan Province, China (Liu et al. 2006). Khan et al. (2008) have reported higher concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni and in radish plants grown at waste water irrigated areas of Beijing than the clean water irrigated ones. Among all the heavy metals, Zn concentration (4.260.06) was higher and Cr (0.090.07) was lower in cauliflower. Radwan Salama (2006) have also found highest concentration of Zn in vegetables collected from Egyptian markets.The bioaccumulation of Cd in spinach is higher than all the tested vegetable samples and similar result have also observed by Zhuang et al., 2009 in chaina. The bioaccumulation of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni were found hig her in cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, carrot and radish respectively. The results indicate that the concentrations of heavy metals in all the vegetables below the Indian standard (PFA, 2000) and (WHO/FAO, 2007).Heavy metal enthral factorDue to industrialization and urbanization, the heavy metal concentration of soil has increased worldwide. Soil-to- plant transfer of heavy metal is major pathway of human exposure to soil contamination (Chi et al, 2004). The high transfer factor from soil to plants indicates a strong accumulation of the particular metals by vegetable crops (Khan et al., 2008). The results indicated that TF values were lower for Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr, and higher TF for Zn and Ni from those. The transfer factor values in soil to plant of studied metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni for various vegetables varied between vegetable plants and locations are shown in table 4. The results revealed that there is large variation in transfer factor of Cd, than other metals in a ll three locations. The spinach (0.0306) had very high transfer factor for Cd and followed by brinjal (0.0207), cabbage (0.0165), carrot (0.0108), radish (0.0071) and cauliflower (0.0049). Similarly, The cabbage (0.4448), had very high transfer factor for Pb and followed by carrot (0.2376), spinach (0.2187), brinjal (0.0207), cauliflower (0.1672) and radish (0.0988) The carrot (0.2977) had very high transfer factor for Cu and followed by, spinach (0.2642), cauliflower (0.2537), radish (0.1740), cabbage (0.0881) and brinjal (0.0818) The carrot (0.0764) had very high transfer factor for Cr and followed by radish (0.0619), spinach (0.0527), cabbage (0.0454), brinjal (0.0408) and cauliflower (0.0054) for location-III The cauliflower (0.2494) had very high transfer factor for Zn and followed by carrot (0.1991), brinjal (0.1909), cabbage (0.1862), spinach (0.1739) and radish (0.0984) for location-II The spinach (0.7469) had very high transfer factor for Ni and followed by carrot (0.4451), radish (0.4542), brinjal (0.2348), cauliflower (0.0732) and cabbage (0.0335) for location-I. The transfer factor of Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr is more in Location III, similarly, Zn in location II and Ni in location-I. Therefore, vegetable crops festering on polluted site can accumulate high concentrations of trace elements to cause serious health risk to consumers.Risk AssessmentIn order to check the health risk of any toxicity from wastewater, it is necessary to estimate the level of exposure of the heavy metals through food chain. In this studied six vegetables were selected and calculate the health risk assessment in terms of estimated daily intake of metal (EDIM) and estimated health risk index (EHRI) by considering the intake of metal through vegetables by the human being.Estimated Daily Intake of Metal (EDIM)The daily intake of heavy metals was estimated on the basis of the average consumption and concentration of metal in particular vegetable spices. The average concentration of Cd , Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and Fe are shown in table 3. Based on the above concentrations, the estimated daily intake of metal (EDIM) for adults and children through food chain were calculated is shown in Table 5. The highest daily intake of metal such as Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd and Cr were from spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, carrot, spinach and Carrot respectively grown in domestic wastewater for both adults and children. The results of studied revealed that EDIM suggest that the consumption of vegetables grown in domestic wastewater polluted location is high but is free from any risk as the dietary intake of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni in adults is below than the permissible limits (WHO, 1996).Estimated Health Risk Index (EHRI)In order to investigate the estimated health risk index (EHRI) associated with domestic wastewater irrigated soil, it is essential to estimate the level of exposure by quantifying the route of exposure of a heavy metal to the target person. The results indicate that the EHRI values were less than one for Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni in all tested vegetables consumption. Therefore, the health risks of heavy metals such Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni exposure through vegetables was no consequences and generally assumed to be safe. All the estimated dietary intake of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni were far below the tolerable limits. The oral reference dose (RD) for Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni are 1.0E-03, 3.5E-03, 4.0E-02, 3.0E-01, 1.5E-00 and 2.0E-02 mg kg -1 day -1, respectively given by US-EPA (2002), IRIS (2003). The results of the study showed that EDIM and EHRI suggest that consumption of vegetable grown in polluted soil irrigated with domestic wastewater is nearly free of risk. But there are also other sources of metal exposure such as dust inhalation, vehicular exhaust which were not include in this study.ConclusionThe prolonged domestic wastewater irrigation increases heavy metal accumulation in the soil has lead to contamination of food crops in the study area. This study shows that edible vegetables shows significant bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables grown in sewage wastewater irrigation. These vegetables are supplied to local markets and there is possibility of health hazard associated with consumption of these contaminated vegetables over a long period of time. The concentration of all heavy metals in domestic wastewater was found to be higher except Zn from the permissible limits of Indian standards (PFA, 2000) and (WHO/FAO, 2007). The results indicated that higher concentration of metals in soils which is contributed prolonged irrigation by sewage wastewater. If it is continues, the concentrations of metals will accumulate in the soil. Relatively higher amounts of these heavy metal which attributes to the reduction in soil pH to moderately acidic conditions as well increase in organic carbon due to the continuous use of sewage effluents. The concentration of heavy metals in all the vegetables is lesser than Indian standard (PFA, 2000) and (WHO/FAO, 2007). The transfer factor of Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr is more in Location III, similarly, Zn in location II and Ni in location-I. Therefore, vegetable crops growing on polluted site can bio-accumulate high concentrations of trace elements to cause serious health risk to consumers. The highest daily intake of metal such as Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd and Cr were from consumption of the spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, carrot, spinach and Carrot respectively grown in domestic wastewater for both adults and children. The results of studied revealed that EDIM and EHRI suggest that the consumption of vegetables grown in domestic wastewater polluted location is high but is free from any risk. Therefore, the health risks from the heavy metals such Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni exposure through vegetables was no consequences and generally assumed to be safe.Therefore, in order to reduce risks, plants with lower accumulative nature should be grown. In this scen ario the present study significantly indicating the need for proper treatment and disposal of domestic wastewater with low cost and worldwide acceptable technology.

Supply Chain Management Objectives in a Factory

Supply Chain heed Objectives in a Factory automatise devise make industry provides ready-to-eat, easy-to-consume and pre-packaged sandwiches. These sandwiches are very popular because of some factors like speed of auction pitch and the quality that comes with every building block of sandwiches. Automated sandwich computer programmets employ a continuous employment beat that works as per a standard necessitate and put up schedule. The payoff border is precise and intumesce maintained, while the process itself is a byproduct of well- calibrate marketing strategy. The production schedule is backed by several other discussion sections whose support is very important to observe the production going with tabu any plosive. Like any other production facility, even sandwich making plant operates in a similar vogue planning production, purchasing in the raw materials, registering night clubs, producing sandwiches, packing them and dispatching them are final delivery are so me of the basic processes that occur there.This short paper analyses supply range of mountains forethought objectives help an automated sandwich-making factory to focus on its production and sales management goals and to create strategies to enhance turnover and profits. This becomes very essential as a large super market bowed stringed instrument of mountains places a large order for high quality sandwiches. The main objectives of the watertight after getting this order is to evaluate, analyze, and review the exiting production practices and later design an action plan that result in the production of 12,000 units of sandwiches every week. To suffer such an amount of weekly order, the firm pull up stakes need to combine its plans and strategies along with streamlining the numerous supply fibril comp atomic number 53nts. In addition, the firm will as well need to step up the supply chain profitability so that the production process retains its marketing and competitive edge. Like any other manufacturing facilities, even sandwich making plants works on the principles of supply chain management.Supply chain management objectives the most basic measures that drive the production processLee and Billington (1993) define a supply chainAs a ne dickensrk of facilities that performs the functions of procurement of material, transformation of material to intermediate and finished products, and dispersion of finished products to nodes. In other words, a supply chain is also an intricate system of personnel, production activities, skills, knowledge, information and resources involved in transferring a given product from supplier to a customer. Supply chains also link value chains as described below in subsequent chapters. Supply chain management is an advanced concept that is considered by approximately tout ensemble businesses in the world. A sandwich making business can easily use the basic principles of supply chain to enhance its product delivery mechanis ms by linking several business functions.To introduce a profitable supply chain, a business development manager should design and create a plan the leads to reliable and guaranteed supply chains that also provide high quality products. Supply chain management (SCM) demands a far stringent transformation from administering straightforward individual departments who handle individual functions, to integrate them in a seamless manner. The result of such an action is the creation of many important supply chain functions and processes. Let us consider a simple exampleA firm gets a big order for some products. The details of the order will be dispatched from the sales department to the purchasing department. Now, the purchasing department will start placing the required order with the production department. The production department will produce the required products and dispatches them to the marketing department that in turn will sell the goods to wholesalers and retailers. However, th e marketing department will need to asses customer demand by communicating with wholesaler and retailer distributers the main goal of this exercise is to find out the exact demand for the product. It means that a method of process integration is carried out with different supply chain partners.Integrating supply chain business functions will include well planned and teamwork between buyers and suppliers, production and sales department and through sharing information that is common to all the stakeholders. In the collapse example, we will consider different business functions of the sandwich-making firm like purchase of raw materials, receipt of orders from retailers and wholesalers, activities of marketing department and stock-take department and production and marketing department. Such integration needs the flow of information in a calibrated and continuous manner (Lambert and Cooper, 2000).Appropriate technologies and methods could help manufacturers create an optimum supply-c hain system. These are possible by using demand, supply philosophies like excite, and pull techniques. Defining push and pull philosophies are very important for a sandwich company that wants to sell many sandwiches per week. Customer or demand side push is truly an entrepreneurial response in hope of customer demand. On the contrary, demand or customer pull is a response that actually results from ensuing customer demand.However, it is very difficult to decide if a particular supply chain is in push or pull mode in a world-wide mode. Here, the business may need to decide what constitutes the supply chain and how different stakeholders act in the supply chain. In the present example, there is already a readymade demand for 12,000 sandwiches per week and this is classic example of customer pull. In most of the supply chain scenarios, demand-push may meet demand-pull and this is the situation when the inventory starts accumulating. This is a regular(prenominal) push-pull interface or a supply chain decoupling point.For the sandwich making business mentioned in this example, the benefits of acting to a pull simulate is very make as the calculated levels of production is independent of forecasts for a future order. The general axiom that works very well here is very simple sound produce what you pull from the customer exactly at the rate of their needs. A business that operates in a pull doctrine can perform get around to accept changes that usually occur in tastes and preferences of customers. However, the sandwich business that operates in this mode may not use this model unless there is clear demand from the customer side.Many dial-up pizza shops prepare their products based on specialized demand-pull to supply a particular number of pizzas. This example is non-analogous to the present sandwich making company. In a typical pizza supply unit, the delivery is held until there is a specific order for pizzas. To be able to respond to a situation, the unit will include bases and ingredients as built-in inventory well in advance. The final delivery will occur only when there is a specific order. It means that there is an evidence of both push- pull philosophies in that example. In the present example, there is already an element of customer-pull and it ensures a corroborate order for sandwiches. Demand-pull philosophy has the ability to reduce waste and inventory and it is more in the direction of satisfying needs of end customers. In the end, a sandwich business that operates on this principle should create a package of practices that include the best supply management principles.SCM Cycle View ModelAll manufacturing activities are divided into many sub-activities that eventually help the sandwich company to conduct the business operations in an optimal manner. Like any other business, even sandwich making business operates in a standard manner that actually mimics a standard production multitude format. In essence, a given produ ction assembly consists of four important components Customer order cycle, Replenishment cycle, Manufacturing cycle and Procurement cycle.Customer order cycle This is the mutually agreed cycle time of a given purchase order. It is also a gap between the purchase order creation date and agreed delivery date. In other words, one should expect the time and it may not be the actual date for delivery. The metrics used provides a guide to deliver the order.Replenishment cycle This is the average time needed to fill a current purchase order. The time starts when a particular order is sent or receive dot entered. This process ends at the time of shipment or soon after the delivery to the customer. Business developers should consider both the actual delivery time and promised delivery time.Manufacturing cycle time It is possible to quantify this time from the planned order until the report timing of final production process. One can compare the actual production quantity with the intended q uantity.Purchase order cycle time This metric measures the creation of PO to the delivery at a location like distribution center. Here, one may not have the requested delivery date beyond the agreed lead-time.Here is a standard Cycle view model for sandwich businessNote One can think of supply chain as a chain of communications that occur between two consecutive stages of production. These cycles always share similar types of communications because the entire process will have a buyer and a supplier. As one go away from the customer, the scale of the transaction will diversify and become larger.Fig 1 Cycle View Sandwich Production Process (Supply Chain Management cycle view figure adaptation after Supply Chain Management Strategy, Planning Operation Third Edition Smil Chopra, Peter Meindl)As mentioned before, a customer cycle involves an external demand. The balance side of the supply chain should react to the existing customer demand and later satisfy it without fail. However, t he only hitch is that basic process of creating sandwiches from different raw materials (like vegetables, spices and meat) stage to the ready to eat one will always involve spending some time, money and energy. If the production process is not quick enough to cater to the demand of the consumer, the existing demand may vanish altogether. It means that the producer should make proper assessments of all future demands during the production process. In essence, speculations that the producer makes should be more so that they will take fewer numbers of decisions when there is an unforeseen or obscure condition. All the reactive processes are the pull processes while the speculative processes are push types.Level 1 SCOR ModelAccording to SCC (2000), Supply-Chain Operations Reference is a top-level business processes related to all phases of satisfying customer demand (SCC 2000). Four important business processes organize this model at its highest level. These processes are Plan, Source, Make and Deliver. For the present paper, we will discuss about the Level 1 aspect and this deals with the MAKE process.Fig 2 SCOR Level 1 Performance Metrics, Diagram (After SCC, 2000)In this process, a business entity uses actions that transform raw products or raw materials into a finished product to meet planned or actual demand or confirmed demand. In the illustration given above, PLAN is a process that accumulates demand and supply to set in motion a plan of action that meets sourcing, production, delivery, inventory and other similar needs. With this Level 1 model, a sandwich business creates a wholesome plan of sandwich manufacturing and delivering from consumer to retailer to production and marketing sectors. In addition, it also streamlines the plan with sales and marketing. At Level 1, the sandwich business considers a number of processes that convert raw materials into finished products to meet the demand rigid by the consumer. Here, the sandwich business considers bot h push and pull philosophies to consider the business processes.A typical supply chain is truly dynamic and interactive. A sandwich business will run through many states procuring raw materials like meat, vegetables, spices, packaging materials and other items from a inventory supplier, actual manufacturing process, the process of distributing the products, dispatching them to retailers and eventually to customer and marketing and promotion departments that actually sell the sandwiches. A competitive business will streamline all these processes into one single entity that eventually enhances productiveness and profitability. A supply chain also flows in two directions and it has an attached cost and capacity domain attached to it. An empowered and skilled business management team that can create a viable plan along with strong management and supply chain design fundamentals will stick to in the end.

Single Parents on Television Essay -- Televison Media TV Essays

Single P arnts on Television When we think about television families, it is usually the happy nuclear families with a Mom, Dad, and a couple youngsterren. What if that family is non a full family and there is a parental figure missing? Would missing a parent really affect the way a child is raised? The realization of single parent families in everyday households is becoming more and more a reality in the United States, and television shows are relating to this fact. The new trend in television is to have a single Mom or Dad facing the odds of single parenthood, while rearing two-to-three kids, working at a full-time job, and still taking care of the household. The Parents Television Council reviewed every original series airing during prime time (800-1100 p.m.) on the broadcast networks during the 2001-2002 television season. The analysis encompassed 119 shows depicting 150 children. Key findings include 47% live in a traditional family with their married biological parents , 14% are raised by single fathers, and 90% of TV single fathers are widowers. Of the 97 televis...

Essay --

Brazilian Carnival History is more in-depth and more interesting than umpteen people might think. There is a lot more to Carnival than simply parties. The pre-Lent festivities known as carnival originated in Italy in the 1400s. The tradition distribute rapidly among Catholic countries in Europe and was in the end adopted in the Americas, taking hold especially in the devoutly Catholic area of Brazil. The Carnival of Brazil is a festival annually held Friday to Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, which marks the beginning of Lent, the forty-day period before Easter. On certain days of Lent, romish Catholics and some other Christians traditionally restrain themselves from the consumption of meat and poultry. This is where the term carnival comes from, carnelevare, which means to remove meat. Carnival has roots in the pagan festival of Saturnalia which was adopted in Catholicism becoming a goodbye to things in a season of religious discipline to practice repentance and pitch for Chris ts death and resurrection. The Brazilian Carnival has gone from being just a party before the silence of Lent to being a major production. It back end be traced back to Christian traditions, African influences and Brazilian Indians. Each part of Brazil has developed its own particular style for Carnival.The history of the carnival has nonuple influences. Modern Brazilian Carnival History started in the 1800s. Throughout the 1800s a cobbler named Jos Nogueira de Azevedo started having parades with his friends and family. In 1855 a more organized parade called the Grandes Sociedades, or colossal Societies was held. In 1870 a more common parade began, complete with traditions of wearing masks and costumes. Samba Schools are a big 20th Century Part of Brazilian Car... ...ed, and a little something from the food stands that line the festival area. After the parade most festival participants indulge in the countrys record famous dish, feijoada. Feijoada can be made in a countless numb er of varieties. However, in Brazil it nearly always has black beans and always includes a mixture of salted, smoked and cherubic meats. Some types are a little spicy from the sausages while others are absolutely mild. Some peoples feijoadas are thick while others are more similar to a traditional stew. Regardless of the variation it is customary to serve this stew with white rice, black beans, and hearts of palm salad, hot peppers, and chromatic slices. I chose this holiday because it has many parties, different types of music, and amazing costumes. It is a huge festival that attracts many people from different places to just have fun and extol themselves.